Anatomy Notes (MED 01-03)
| Ref | Question | Definition/Mnems |
|---|---|---|
| G&H C01/60 | Physiology | branch of biology function parts mechanisms |
| G&H C01/61 | Pathophysiology | disordered body function |
| G&H C01/62 | Microbiota | community |
| G&H C01/62 | Intra- and Extracellular fluid | Fluids in the body: 2/3 ICF - K+, Mg[2+], PO4[3-] 1/3 ECF - nutrients, Na+, Cl-, -HC2O3 a.k.a. internal environment; milieu intérieur (coined by Claude Bernard) See C4 for ion transport processes |
| G&H C01 | Homeostais | C01/64 stability C01/65 (emergence) C01/65 regulation within a tolerable range |
| G&H C01/64 | Organ | via the nervous system release of substances, e.g., hormones, EC vesicles |
| G&H C01/66 | Disease | disruption of [] |
| G&H C01/66 | Homeostais | compensation; overcompensation -> difficulty in determining primary cause from |
| G&H C01/67 | Transportation | 1. in blood vessels 2. between blood capillaries and intercellular spaces |
| G&H C01/68 | General | Lungs -> Left heart pump -> Gut -> Right heart pump -> Lungs Lungs -> Left heart pump -> Kidneys -> Right heart pump -> Lungs Lungs -> Left heart pump -> Capillaries -> Right heart pump -> Lungs |
| G&H C01/69 | Flow | continual exchange of ECF bet. Plasma and interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular spaces capillary walls are permeable to most molecules in the blood plasma, except plasma proteins ∴ large amounts of fluid and solutes diffuse back and forth between the blood and tissue spaces |
| G&H C01/70 | Diffusion | caused by kinetic motion few cells are located more than 50μm from a capillary ⇒ ensures diffusion of almost any substance ⇒ ECF is continually being mixed ⇒ maintaining homogeneity |
| G&H C01/70 | Picking | Each time blood passes through the body, it flows through the lungs picking up oxygen in the alveoli. GI tract: nutrients, e.g., carbs, fatty acids, and amino acids Liver, fat cells, GI mucosa, kidneys, endocrine glands: store or changes the composition of substances to use them later or make them usable Liver: also eliminates waste products |
| G&H C01/71 | Muscles | Muscles - allows body to move to obtain food for nutrition - provides motility |
| G&H C2/92 | Organization of the cell | Organization of the cell - cell membrane - cytoplasm - nuclear membrane - nucleus - nucleolus |
| G&H C2/92 | The protoplasm | The protoplasm - W I P L C |
| G&H C2/95 | Cell structure | Cell structure - intracellular organelles - endoplasmic reticulum - lysosome - peroxisome - Golgi apparatus - Cell membrane - lipids - impedes movement of water and water-soluble substances - phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholsterol - proteins - span through the membrane and allow limited movement of certain substances - Cell membrane proteins - glycoproteins - integral protein - through and through: channels, carriers, receptors, active transporters, enzymes - peripheral protein - only one side pr attached to an IP: mostly enzymes, sometimes transport controllers |
| G&H C2/99 | Membrane carbohydrates | Glycocalyx - description - external organelle consisting of a layer of glycosylated biomolecules called glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids - a type of identifier that the body uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms. Included in the glycocalyx are cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and guide the movement of cells during embryonic development.[5] The glycocalyx plays a major role in regulation of endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of red blood cell volume in capillaries. - functions - most have (-) which gives the cell surface a net (-) charge - some allow inter-cell adhesion - some act as receptors - some enter into immune reactions |
| G&H C2/101 | Cytoplasm and Its Organelles | Cytoplasm and Its Organelles - Endoplasmic reticulum - description - network of cisternae + flat vesicular structures + EP’ic matrix - helps process molecules and transports them for specific use intra- or extra-cellularly - connected with the nuclear membrane surface, providing a pipeline between the nucleus and the cytoplasm - high SA organelle, can be 30x-40x the cell membrane e.g., in the liver - Rough/granular ER - rougness is due to ribosomes - ribosomes = RNA + proteins - synthesizes new protein molecules in the cell (see C3) - Smooth/agranular ER - synthesizes lipid substances, detoxifies, and performs other processes promoted by intrareticular enzymes - Golgi apparatus - description - functions closely with the ER - ER vesicles pinch off the ER then fuse with the GA. Substances entrapped in the ERVs are transported from the ER to the GA, which prepares them for further processing, e.g.: - extracellular transport, - intracellular transport, - processing the GA for the formation of lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic components - ≥4 layers of vesicles - prominent in secretory cells and is found where the excretory substance is extruded - lysosome - description - vesicular organelles budding off from GA - 250-750nm⌀ - provide and intracellular digestive system to break down: - damaged cellular structures - food particles - unwated matter, e.g., bateria and viruses - surrounded by typical lipi bilayer filled with 5-8nm⌀ granules, which are protein aggregates of different hydrolase enzymes which then hydrolyze proteins |