Glossary of Medical Terms

• Reference Shorthand:
  • G&H: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (15th ed.) - John E. Hall & Michael E. Hall (2025)
  • Junq: Junqueira’s Basic Histology (17th ed.) - Anthony L. Mescher (2024)
  • Snell: Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions (11th ed.) - Lawrence E. Wineski (2025)

Affix	Definition and Notes
abduction	From Latin abductiō(n) (“robbing; abduction”), from abdūcō (“take or lead away”), from ab (“away”) + dūcō (“to lead”).[1] By surface analysis, abduct +‎ -ion or abduce +‎ -tion. - (physiology): From French, from Latin abductus. - Compare French abduction. 1. Leading away; a carrying away. [from early 17th century.][2] 2. (anatomy) The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; the movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body. [from mid-17th century.][2] 3. (logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which the major premise is evident, but the minor is only probable. [from late 17th century.][2] 4. (law) The wrongful, and usually forcible, carrying off of a human being. [from mid-18th century.][2] 5. (ufology) Alien abduction.
acid	See amine and acid. Likely a calque of German Aminosäure, which is attested earlier. 1. (biochemistry) Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group. 2. (biochemistry) Any of the twenty naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins. Amino acids[a] are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.[2]: 71  Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins.[3] Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life.[4][5]
adaptin	(biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins that interact with membrane-bound receptors to assemble clathrin-coated vesicles
adduction	Borrowed from Latin adductio, adductionis, from adducō (“I bring to myself”), from ad + ducō (“I lead”). Compare French adduction. Equivalent to adduct +‎ -ion or adduce +‎ -tion. See adduce. 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward. 2. (anatomy) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis — Verb adduce (third-person singular simple present adduces, present participle adducing, simple past and past participle adduced) From Middle English adducen, from Latin addūcere, adductum (“to lead or bring to”), from ad- + dūcere (“to lead”). See duke, and compare adduct. 1. (transitive) To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege. 2. (transitive, Scots law) To produce in proof.”
adipo- adip- (before vowels)	From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Latin adeps. 1. (anatomy, medicine, usually) fat, as fat tissue or fat cells. 2. (anatomy, medicine) fat, as a form of lipid, either contained in such tissue, free/unbound, or carried in circulation by lipoproteins.
adipose	From international scientific vocabulary, from New Latin adipōsus, from Latin adeps (“fat, lard”). By surface analysis, adip- +‎ -ose; Latin adeps (“fat, lard”) is probably related to Umbrian 𐌀𐌛𐌄𐌐𐌄𐌔 (ařepes, “offerings of fat”) since 𐌛 (ř) in Umbrian regularly represents an earlier *d. 1. Containing, composed of, or consisting of fat; fatty. 2. Slightly overweight; chubby.
amphi-	Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀμφίς (amphís), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”), possibly from *h₂énts, from *h₂ent- (“face, forehead; front”) + *-s. Doublet of ambi-. 1. Located on the opposite side of, or referring to two distinct sides or ends of a region or object. 2. Either, both; having two distinct properties and able to function as either. 3. Merging two forms, and/or the fusion or inheritance that results from the combination. 4. Surrounding, around, encircling. 5. Intermediate between two properties or characteristics. 6. Happening in two stages.
amphipathic	From amphi- +‎ Ancient Greek παθικός (pathikós, “remaining passive in a sexual intercourse”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”). 1. (chemistry) Describing a molecule, such as a detergent, which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. 2. (biochemistry) Of the surface(s) on a protein, particularly an alpha helix, where one surface of the alpha helix has hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite face has hydrophobic (or lipophilic) amino acids.
angio-	From Ancient Greek ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel, urn, pot”), itself from ἄγγος (ángos, “vessel”). 1. vessel; relating to blood vessels, lymph vessels, or both.
angioblast	From angio- +‎ -blast. 1. (biology) A cell that differentiates into blood cells and endothelium within an embryo.
AP2 adaptor complex	a multimeric protein that works on the cell membrane to internalize cargo in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.[1] It is a stable complex of four adaptins which give rise to a structure that has a core domain and two appendage domains attached to the core domain by polypeptide linkers. These appendage domains are sometimes called ‘ears’. The core domain binds to the membrane and to cargo destined for internalisation. The alpha and beta appendage domains bind to accessory proteins and to clathrin. Their interactions allow the temporal and spatial regulation of the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles and their endocytosis. The AP-2 complex is a heterotetramer consisting of two large adaptins (α and β), a medium adaptin (μ), and a small adaptin (σ): complex 2 AP2A1 (α unit 1) AP2A2 (α unit 2) AP2B1 (β unit) AP2M1 (μ unit) AP2S1 (σ unit)
apical	From apic- +‎ -al. 1. Of or connected with the apex. 2. (botany) Of a meristem, situated at the growing tip of the plant or its roots, in comparison with intercalary growth situated between zones of permanent tissue. 3. (phonetics, phonology) Of a sound, produced with the tip of the tongue.”
apico- apic- (before a vowel)	From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from apex. 1. Having a shape that has a tip, point, or apex; apical, pointy. 2. (anatomy) The side of a body part (or organism) that is further away from the substrate it is attached to. usage note: For organisms that are attached to a substrate (e.g. sponges, protists), the side attached to the substrate is referred to as the basal end, and the end furthest from attachment is referred to as apical[1] 3. (linguistics) Articulated with the tip of the tongue.
aponeurosis	Borrowed from New Latin aponeurōsis. 1. (anatomy) A flattened pearly white fibrous membrane taking the place of a tendon that binds together and forms the terminations and attachments of muscles or connects them to other body parts like skin or bone. — Noun aponeurōsis f (genitive aponeurōsis); third declension (New Latin) Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀπονεύρωσῐς (aponeúrōsĭs, “end of the muscle where it becomes tendinous”), from ἀ̆πονευρόομαι (ăponeuróomai, “to become tendinous”) +‎ -σῐς (-sĭs, nominal suffix). 1. (anatomy) An aponeurosis. — ἀ̆πονευρόομαι • (ăponeuróomai) IPA(key): /a.po.neu̯.ró.o.mai̯/ → /a.po.neˈβro.o.mɛ/ → /a.po.neˈvro.o.me/ From ἀ̆πο- (ăpo-, “away, off”) +‎ νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon”) +‎ -ομαι (-omai, verbal suffix). 1. (passive voice, anatomy) to become tendinous 2. (passive voice, anatomy) to become a nerve
arabic	See gum arabic. 1. (rare) Ellipsis of gum arabic. 2. (chiefly American typesetting; uncommon outside that) Ellipsis of arabic numeral.”
arabin arabine	From arabic +‎ -in. 1. (organic chemistry, dated) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, found in gum arabic 2. (dated) Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic
archaic	No longer in general use, but still found in some contemporary texts that aim for an antique style, like historical novels. For example, thee and thou are archaic pronouns, having been almost completely superseded by you. Archaic is a stronger term than dated, but not as strong as obsolete. (See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.) Whereas an archaic term names a still-extant thing or non-outdated concept, a historical term names a former thing or outdated concept.
areola	Borrowed from Latin āreola (“small vacant space, garden”), diminutive of ārea. Doublet of areole. 1. (anatomy) The circular, darkly pigmented area surrounding a nipple; the areola mammae. 2. (by extension, anatomy) Any small circular area that is different from its immediate environment, such as the colored ring around the pupil of the eye (iris) or an inflamed region surrounding a pimple. 3. (anatomy) Any of the small spaces throughout areolar connective tissue. 4. (botany) Any of the small spaces between fibres of the tissues of certain lichens. 5. (botany) Small patches, bearing the spines and glochids characteristic of the stems of cacti. Loose connective tissue, also known as areolar tissue, is a cellular connective tissue with thin and relatively sparse collagen fibers. They have a semi-fluid matrix with lesser proportions of fibers. Its ground substance occupies more volume than the fibers do. It has a viscous to gel-like consistency and plays an important role in the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the capillaries that course through this connective tissue as well as in the diffusion of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes back to the vessels. Moreover, loose connective tissue is primarily located beneath the epithelia that cover the body surfaces and line the internal surfaces of the body. It is also associated with the epithelium of glands and surrounds the smallest blood vessels. This tissue is thus the initial site where pathogenic agents, such as bacteria that have breached an epithelial surface, are challenged and destroyed by cells of the immune system.[1]
arrector	From Latin arrigō (“I raise, erect”). 1. Synonym of erector.
arrector pili (plural arrectores pilorum)	Latin. 1. (anatomy) Any of the small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals, the contraction of which causes the hairs to stand on end.”
artery (blood vessel): arteria, (obsolete) artere, arture, artiue	Late Middle English arterie, borrowing from Old French artaire and Latin artēria (“a windpipe; an artery”), from Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (ărtērĭ́ā, “windpipe; artery”). 1. (anatomy) Any of the muscular- and elastic-walled blood vessels forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed away from the heart regardless of its oxygenation status; see pulmonary artery. 2. (transport) A major transit corridor in a system of roads, rivers, or railway lines.
ase (suffix)	Derived from ending of diastase; a libfix. Used to form the names of enzymes.
auricle	From Latin auricula (“the external ear”), diminutive of auris (“the ear”). Doublet of auricula. 1. (biology) Any appendage in the shape of an ear or earlobe. 1. (anatomy) The outer ear or pinna. Synonyms: pinna, pavilion 2. (anatomy) Synonym of atrium. 1. (anatomy) An anterior ear-shaped appendage of the left or right atrium of the human heart.”
biceps biceps brachii	From Latin biceps (“double-headed, two-peaked”), from bis (“double”) + caput (“head”). See there for more details. 1. (anatomy) Any muscle having two heads.  2. Specifically, the biceps brachii, the flexor of the elbow.  3. (informal) The upper arm, especially the collective muscles of the upper arm.  Synonyms: guns, pipes, pythons 4. (prosody) A point in a metrical pattern that can be filled either with one long syllable (a longum) or two short syllables (two brevia). Antonym: princeps
blast (suffix)	From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “germ, sprout”). 1. an immature cell or tissue
blasto-	From Ancient Greek βλαστός (blastós, “a germ, bud, sprout, shoot”), from βλαστάνω (blastánō, “to bud, sprout, grow, properly of plants, but also of animals”). 1. bud; budding; germination 2. germ cell
blastomere	From blasto- +‎ -mere. 1. (biology) Any cell that results from division of a fertilized egg. MNN: Blastoise (phonetic) + germination (semantic)
brachialis	Borrowed from Latin bracchialis, brachialis. Doublet of brachial. 1. (anatomy) A muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint, in conjunction with the biceps brachii. The brachialis (also brachialis anticus or Casserio muscle) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow. It lies beneath the biceps brachii, and makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa (elbow pit). It originates from the anterior aspect of the distal humerus;[1] it inserts onto the tuberosity of the ulna. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve,[2] and commonly also receives additional innervation from the radial nerve.[3] The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion generating about 50% more power than the biceps.[dubious – discuss][1]
calyx	From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch. 1. (botany) The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop. 2. (zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures. 1. A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes. 2. The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians. 3. A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects. 4. A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.
cancellous	From Latin cancellus (“lattice”). 1. (anatomy, of bone) Having low density and strength but high surface area, of the kind that fills the inner cavity of long bones.
cartilage	Borrowed from French cartilage, from Latin cartilāgō. Partially displaced native gristle, from Old English gristel. (anatomy, uncountable) A usually translucent and somewhat elastic, dense, nonvascular connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos, being replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates. Synonym: gristle (anatomy, countable) A particular structure made of cartilage.”
category “Contractile cells	Mesoangioblast Muscle cell Myofibroblast Pericyte
caudal	Borrowed from Latin caudālis (“having a tail”). 1. (zoology) Pertaining to the tail or posterior or hind part of a body. 2. (anatomical terms of location and direction) Toward the tail end (hind end) of the body; in bipeds such as humans, this direction corresponds to inferior.
cholesterol	Borrowed from French cholestérol. From cholestérine, from Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “gall, bile”) +‎ στερεός (stereós, “firm, solid”); coined in 1816 by Michel Eugène Chevreul. From originally being discovered by François Poulletier de la Salle in 1769, as a solid in gallstones. 1. (biochemistry) A sterol lipid synthesized by the liver and transported in the bloodstream to the membranes of all animal cells; it plays a central role in many biochemical processes and, as a lipoprotein that coats the walls of blood vessels, is associated with cardiovascular disease. 2. The level of cholesterol in the body.
cisterna (plural cisternae)	From Latin cisterna. Doublet of cistern. 1. (biology) Any of the various membranes sections comprising some organelles like the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.”
clāthrī m pl (genitive clāthrōrum); second declension clātra clātrī (Late Latin, prescriptive) crāclī (Late Latin, proscribed)	From Doric Greek κλᾷθρα (klāîthra) (which equals Attic Greek κλῇθρα (klēîthra)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- +‎ *-treh₂. A lattice, grate
clathrin	(biochemistry) A fibrous protein that forms a polyhedral coat on the surface of the coated pits and vesicles of cells during endocytosis.
collagen	From French collagène, coined from Ancient Greek κόλλα (kólla, “glue”) and -γενής (-genḗs, “-forming”) (see -gen); it is the main substance that animal glues are derived from. Doublet of collage, colloid and protocol. 1. (biochemistry) The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissues of many animals.
commotio cordis	From Latin [Term?] (literally “agitation or disruption of the heart”), from agitation+cordis, from heart. 1, (medicine) An often lethal disruption of heart rhythm as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart at a critical time during the cycle of a heartbeat. Commotio cordis (Latin, “agitation / disruption of the heart”) is a disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart (the precordial region) at a critical instant during the cycle of a heartbeat.[1] The resulting sudden rise in intracavitary pressure leads to disruption of normal heart electrical activity, followed instantly by ventricular fibrillation, complete disorganization of the heart’s pumping function, and cardiac arrest. It is not caused by mechanical damage to the heart muscle or surrounding organs and is not the result of heart disease. The incidence of commotio cordis in the United States is fewer than 20 cases per year. It often occurs in boys participating in sports, most commonly in baseball when a ball strikes a player in the chest. Its rareness arises because it can occur only upon impact within a window of about 40 milliseconds in the cardiac electrical cycle.[1] The condition has a 97% fatality rate if not treated within three minutes.[2] If cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combined with the use of an automated external defibrillator is employed within three minutes of the impact, survival can be as high as 58 percent.[3] — Noun commōtiō f (genitive commōtiōnis); third declension commoveō (“move violently, disturb”) +‎ -tiō 1. motion, movement 2. agitation, commotion — Noun cor n (genitive cordis); third declension Inherited from Proto-Italic *kord, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr ~ *ḱr̥d- (“heart”).[1] Cognate with Ancient Greek καρδίᾱ (kardíā), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō), Old English heorte, English heart, Sanskrit हृदय (hṛdaya), Hittite 𒆠𒅕 (kir), Old Church Slavonic срьдьце (srĭdĭce). 1. (anatomy) heart 2. (figuratively) soul, mind
contra-	From Latin contrā (“against”). Doublet of counter-. 1. Against; in opposition to.”
contralateral controlateral	From contra- +‎ lateral. 1. (anatomy) On the opposite side of the body.
Coordinate term	1. (semantics) A term (word or noun phrase) that shares a hypernym (or hypernymic noun phrase) with another: that is, one that names another type (kind) within the same class. Synonyms: cohyponym, co-hyponym Coordinate terms: synonym; antonym; comeronym; hypernym, hyperonym; hyponym; near-synonym, parasynonym, plesionym; instance, example; metonym, synechdoche; antiphrasis The words oak, maple, spruce, and linden are coordinate terms beneath the hypernym of tree. The terms HDA, LAMP, MDA, NASBA, RPA, SDA, and TMA are coordinate terms beneath the hypernymic term isothermal nucleic acid amplification test.
coraco-	From Latin coracis, genitive form of corax. 1. (anatomy) coracoid process — Noun corax m (genitive coracis); third declension 1. raven 2. battering ram (or similar siege engine)
coracobrachialis	From coraco- +‎ brachialis. 1. (anatomy) The smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula.
coracoid process (plural coracoid processes)	[No etymology note] 1. Part of the scapula that projects towards the sternum in mammals
cyte (suffix)	From Latin cyta, from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “vessel, jar”). 1. Used to form cell names and classifications for mature cells.
cyto-	Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “container, receptacle”). (biology) cell.
cytology	(biology) The study of cells. Coordinate term: histology (often in medicine) Cytopathology. Coordinate terms: histology, histopathology
cytosis	(pathology) An abnormal increase in the number of a specified type of cells. (biology) The movement of cells between parts of an organism.
cytoskeleton	From cyto- +‎ skeleton. 1. A matrix of intercellular protein, in the forms of microfilaments and microtubules, that provide some rigidity to cells
dated	Formerly in common use, and still in occasional use, but now unfashionable; for example, wireless in the sense of “broadcast radio tuner”, groovy, and gay in the sense of “bright” or “happy” are all dated. Dated is not as strong as archaic or obsolete. See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms.
dermatome	From derma- +‎ -tome (“instrument for cutting”). 1. An instrument used surgically to remove a thin slice of skin for grafting 2. An area of skin which is innervated by afferent nerve fibers coming to a single posterior spinal root. 3. The dorsal part of an embryonic somite contributing in part to skin development.
di-	Borrowed from Latin di-, from Ancient Greek δι- (di-, “two”). 1. Two. 2. Double, twice the quantity. 3. A pair. 4. Both, possessing two distinct (possibly opposing) qualities.
dia-	From Ancient Greek prefix δια- (dia-), from διά (diá, “through, across, by, over”). 1. through, across Synonyms: trans-, para-, per- 2. between Synonyms: inter-, mid-
diaphysis	From dia- +‎ -physis. 1. (anatomy) The central shaft of any long bone. 2. (botany) An abnormal elongation of the axis of a flower or of an inflorescence.
diastase	From Ancient Greek διάστασις (diástasis, “separation”). (biochemistry) Any one of a group of enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose; mostly amylases (α-amylase and β-amylase).”
diastole /daɪˈæstəli/	From Ancient Greek διαστολή (diastolḗ, “separation, drawing asunder”), from διά (diá, “apart”) + στέλλειν (stéllein, “send”). 1. (chiefly uncountable, physiology) The phase or process of relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers, between contractions, during which they fill with blood; an instance of the process. 2. (uncountable, prosody) The lengthening of a vowel or syllable beyond its typical length. 3. (Greek grammar) The hypodiastole, a textual or punctuation mark formerly used to disambiguate homonyms in Greek.
diastolic	From diastole +‎ -ic. 1. Pertaining to a diastole.
dimer	From di- +‎ -mer. 1. (chemistry) A molecule consisting of two identical halves, formed by joining two identical molecules, sometimes with a single atom acting as a bridge.
dimeric	From dimer +‎ -ic. 1. (chemistry) of, relating to, or being a dimer”
diminutive (noun, grammar): dim. (abbreviation)	Inherited from Middle English diminutif, derived from Old French diminutif, derived from Latin dīminutīv/us, ~a, ~um (adjective), from dīminūt/us, ~a, ~um (participle), perfect passive participle of dīmin/uō, ~uere, ~uī, ~ūtum (verb).[1] First attested in 1398. 1. Very small. 2. (obsolete) Serving to diminish. 3. (grammar) Of or pertaining to, or creating a word form expressing smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment.”
diploë diploe IPA(key): /ˈdɪp.loʊˌi/	From Ancient Greek διπλόη (diplóē, “literally, a fold”), noun use of feminine of διπλόος (diplóos, “double”). 1. (dated, mostly before 1920) The thin layer of soft, spongy or cancellate tissue between the bone plates which constitute the skull.
dorsal	From Late Middle English dorsal/dorsale, borrowing from Medieval Latin dorsālis (“of or relating to the back”), from dorsum (“the back”) +‎ -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix); equivalent to dorsum +‎ -al. 1. (anatomy, zootomy) With respect to, or concerning the side in which the backbone is located, or the analogous side of an invertebrate. 1. (anatomy) Relating to the top surface of the foot or hand. 2. (linguistics, of a sound) Produced using the dorsum of the tongue. 2. (of a knife) Having only one sharp side. 3. (botany) Relating to the surface naturally inferior, as of a leaf. 4. (botany) Relating to the surface naturally superior, as of a creeping hepatic moss.
dynamin	(biochemistry) A hydrolase responsible for endocytosis in eukaryotic cells
eccrine	From Ancient Greek ἐκ (ek, “out of”) and κρῑ́νω (krī́nō, “to separate”). 1. Pertaining to a sweat gland. 2. Pertaining to sweat. 3. Exocrine. — Eccrine sweat glands (/ˈɛkrən, -ˌkraɪn, -ˌkriːn/; from Greek ek(s)+krinein ‘out(wards)/external+secrete’)[3] are the major sweat glands of the human body.[4] Eccrine sweat glands are found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet, and on the head, but much less on the torso and the extremities. In other mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm2 of skin surface.[5][6] They produce sweat, a merocrine secretion which is clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water. These are present from birth. Their secretory part is present deep inside the dermis. Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the “acrosyringium”; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis.[7] The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layers of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells.[8] The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells.[9] Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotionally induced sweating (anxiety, fear, stress, and pain).[6][7] The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts. The odor from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands, a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin. Eccrine glands are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervating the cutaneous district can produce either noradrenaline or acetylcholine as neurotransmitters depending on the target structure.[10] The sympathetic cholinergic fibers connecting with the sweat glands discharge primarily by changes in deep body temperature (core temperature).[11] The glands on palms and soles do not respond only to temperature stimuli but secrete at times of emotional stress.
eine (suffix)	Alteration of -in. 1. (chemistry) Used in a compound distinguished from a compound with a name ending in -in or -ine.
elle (suffix)	From French -elle. 1. Used to form feminine proper names — Suffix -elle f (noun-forming suffix, plural -elles, masculine -eau) Inherited from Old French -ele, from Latin -ella. 1. forms feminine nouns, often with a diminutive sense 2. female equivalent of -el 3. female equivalent of -eau
enchyma (suffix)	From Ancient Greek ἔγχυμα (énkhuma, “infusion”). 1. (biology) cellular tissue”
end- endo- ento-	From the Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “within”). 1. internal, within, inside, into When combined with a term beginning with a consonant, end- concatenates with the interfix -o- (as endo-). The prefix end- is usually stressed in the terms it forms (as in endoscope: ĕnʹdōskōp); however, it is never stressed when stress falls on the following syllable (as in endoscopy: ĕndŏʹskŏpi), and stressing the prefix is optional when the subsequent syllable is stressed (as in endoscopic: ĕndōskŏʹpĭk or ĕn’dōskŏʹpĭk).
endocytosis	[No etymology note] 1. (cytology) The process by which the plasma membrane of a cell folds inwards to ingest material. Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested materials. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating). It is a form of active transport.
endomembrane	From endo- +‎ membrane. 1. (biology) All the membraneous components inside a eukaryotic cell, including the nuclear envelope, endoplastic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus
endoplasm	From endo- +‎ -plasm. 1. (cytology) The inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell.
endoplasmic reticulum	[No etymology note] 1. (cytology) A network of membranes within the cytoplasm of cells, where proteins and lipids are synthesized. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means “within the cytoplasm”, and reticulum is Latin for “little net”. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae (in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa.
enzyme	From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) +‎ ζύμη (zúmē, “leaven”). 1. (biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function. 1. (strictly) The protein type specifically. Coordinate term: ribozyme 2. (Christianity) Leavened bread, as opposed to azyme. An enzyme is a biological macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a biological catalyst, accelerating chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. The molecules on which enzymes act are called substrates, which are converted into products. Nearly all metabolic processes within a cell depend on enzyme catalysis to occur at biologically relevant rates.[1]: 8.1  A metabolic pathway is typically composed of a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps. The study of enzymes is known as enzymology, and a related field focuses on pseudoenzymes—proteins that have lost catalytic activity but may retain regulatory or scaffolding functions, often indicated by alterations in their amino acid sequences or unusual ‘pseudocatalytic’ behavior.[2][3]
epi-	From Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí, “on top of”). 1. Above in location or position. 2. Upon, atop, directly on top of in terms of position. 3. (biology) Relating to epigenetics. 4. Secondary: a consequence, by-product, additional, or lesser version. 5. A part or segment that is located on the upper part of an object. 6. A part or locatation that is outer, particularly an outer layer. 7. (chemistry) Denotes an epimeric form. 8. Located on the surface. 9. (zoology) Epibiotic: an organism that lives on another organism. 10. Outward in direction or projection. 11. More, above a usual quantity, additional in quantity. 12. Beyond, meta, transcending. 13. (biology) Epidemiology 14. Near in position. 15. Outranked, above in rank. 16. Surrounding in position: the edges of the root entity. 17. Covering: the root entity is covered. 18. After in time. 19. Overlapping in position. 20. Mapping onto, passing along, resolving to. 21. Top: a part that is positioned at the uppermost of multiple levels. 22. Front or anterior in position. 23. Entirety, a system being referred to as a whole. 24. Outside of in position. 25. Shallow in depth. 26. Similar, in the same form of, resembling. 27. Upwards in direction or growth.
epithelium	From New Latin epithēlium. By surface analysis, epi- +‎ thel- +‎ -ium. 1. (anatomy) A membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells which forms the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs: internally including the lining of vessels and other small cavities, and externally being the skin.”
erector erectour (obsolete, rare)	From Latin ērigō (“I raise up, elevate, lift”), equivalent to erect +‎ -or. 1. A person who, or a device which erects. 2. (anatomy) Any of several muscles that make parts of the body erect. 3. An attachment to a microscope, telescope, etc. for making the image erect instead of inverted. 4. (astronautics) A vehicle used to support a rocket for transportation and for placing the rocket in an upright position within a gantry scaffold.
ester	From German Ester, perhaps a contraction or abstraction of Essigäther (“ethyl acetate”), from Essig (“vinegar”) (from Latin acetum) and Äther (“ether”). See ether for more. 1. (organic chemistry) A compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, with elimination of water, which contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond (i.e., carbonyl) joined via carbon to another oxygen atom. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R′).[1] These compounds contain a distinctive functional group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well.[1] According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well (e.g. amides), but not according to the IUPAC.[1]
eu-	From Ancient Greek εὖ (eû, “well, good”). 1. good, well 2. true, genuine
eukaryote	Borrowed from French eucaryote; equivalent to eu- +‎ karyon +‎ -ote. 1. (cytology) Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus. The eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/)[3] are the domain of Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, seaweeds, and many unicellular organisms are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of life forms alongside the two groups of prokaryotes: the Bacteria and the Archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but given their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is much larger than that of prokaryotes.
eversion	[No etymology note] 1. An act of turning inside out. 2. The state of being turned inside out. 3. (medicine) The condition of being turned outward. — Verb evert (third-person singular simple present everts, present participle everting, simple past and past participle everted) From Late Latin ēvertere (“to turn (an item of clothing) inside out”), Latin ēvertere, present active infinitive of ēvertō (“to turn upside down; to overturn; to reverse”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘out, away’)) + vertō (“to reverse; to revolve, turn; to turn around”)[1] (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to rotate, turn”)). 1. (transitive, often biology, physiology) To turn inside out (like a pocket being emptied) or outwards. 2. (transitive, obsolete) To move (someone or something) out of the way. 3. (transitive, obsolete, also figuratively) To turn upside down; to overturn. 4. (ambitransitive, obsolete, also figuratively) To disrupt; to overthrow.
exo-	From Ancient Greek ἔξω (éxō, “outer; external”). outside; external”
exocrine Alternative forms exocrin (dated)	[No etymology note] 1. Producing external secretions that are released through a duct. 2. Pertaining to the exocrine glands or their secretions.
exocytosis	From exo- +‎ -cytosis. 1. (biology) The secretion of substances through cellular membranes, either to excrete waste products or as a regulatory function.
extēnsiō	From extendō +‎ -tiō. 1. extension, stretching 2. swelling, tumour
extension	From Middle English extensioun, from Old French estension, from Latin extensiō, extensiōnem. 1. The act of extending; a stretching out; enlargement in length, breadth, or time; an increase. 2. The state of being extended. 3. That property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space (or time, e.g. “spatiotemporal extension”). 4. (mathematics, group theory, of a group G{\displaystyle G} by a group H{\displaystyle H}) A short exact sequence 1→H→E→G→1{\displaystyle 1\to H\to E\to G\to 1}, or the group E{\displaystyle E} therein. 5. (mathematics, homological algebra, of an object A{\displaystyle A} by an object B{\displaystyle B} in an abelian category) A short exact sequence 0→B→E→A→0{\displaystyle 0\to B\to E\to A\to 0}, or the object E{\displaystyle E} therein. 6. A part of a building that has been added onto the original. 7. An outgrowth; a part of something that extends its capabilities. 8. (semantics) Capacity of a concept or general term to include a greater or smaller number of objects; — correlative of intension. 9. (linguistics, semantics) semantic widening, broadening of meaning 10. (banking, finance) A written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debtor further time to pay a debt. 11. (medicine) The operation of stretching a broken bone so as to bring the fragments into the same straight line. 12. (weightlifting) An exercise in which an arm or leg is straightened against resistance. 13. (fencing) A simple offensive action, consisting of extending the weapon arm forward. 14. (telecommunications) A numerical code used to indicate a specific telephone in a telecommunication network. 15. (computing) Ellipsis of file extension. 16. (computing) An optional software component that adds functionality to an application. 17. (logic) The set of tuples of values that, used as arguments, satisfy the predicate. 18. (grammar) A kind of derivative morpheme applied to verbs in Bantu languages. 19. (ring theory, of an ideal in the domain of a ring homomorphism) The ideal in the codomain generated by the image of the given ideal under the given homomorphism. 20. (education) University programs that are targeted at the broader (usually adults) community whose participants are not full-time enrolled students. 21. (cosmetics, chiefly in the plural) Clipping of hair extension, nail extension or eyelash extension.
fascia	Borrowed from Latin fascia (“a band, bandage, swathe”). Related to fascēs (“bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade projecting”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“bundle, band”). Cognate with fajita, fess, and fascism. 1. (architecture) A wide band of material covering the ends of roof rafters, sometimes supporting a gutter in steep-slope roofing, but typically it is a border or trim in low-slope roofing. 2. A face or front cover of an appliance, especially of a mobile phone. 3. (UK) A dashboard. 4. (architecture) A flat band or broad fillet; especially, one of the three bands that make up the architrave, in the Ionic order. 5. A broad well-defined band of color. 6. A band, sash, or fillet; especially, in surgery, a bandage or roller. 7. (ecclesiastical, fashion) A sash worn by certain members of the Catholic and Anglican churches. 8. (anatomy) The layer of loose tissue, often containing fat, immediately beneath the skin; the stronger layer of connective tissue covering and investing muscles and organs; an aponeurosis. 9. The signboard above a shop or other location open to the public. The plural fascias is the one usually used in English for most senses; the plural fasciae may sometimes be encountered, especially for the anatomical sense 8. — A fascia (/ˈfæʃ(i)ə/; pl.: fasciae /ˈfæʃii/ or fascias;[1] adjective fascial; from Latin fascia ‘band’) is a generic term for macroscopic membranous bodily structures.[2]: 42  Fasciae are classified as superficial, visceral or deep, and further designated according to their anatomical location.[3] The knowledge of fascial structures is essential in surgery, as they create borders for infectious processes (for example Psoas abscess) and haematoma. An increase in pressure may result in a compartment syndrome, where a prompt fasciotomy may be necessary. For this reason, profound descriptions of fascial structures are available in anatomical literature from the 19th century. — Superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, that blends with the reticular dermis layer.[17] It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck and overlying the breastbone.[18] It consists mainly of loose areolar and fatty adipose connective tissue and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body.[medical citation needed] In addition to its subcutaneous presence, superficial fascia surrounds organs, glands and neurovascular bundles, and fills otherwise empty space at many other locations. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate.[19] Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelid, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris.[20] Due to its viscoelastic properties, superficial fascia can stretch to accommodate the deposition of adipose that accompanies both ordinary and prenatal weight gain. After pregnancy and weight loss, the superficial fascia slowly reverts to its original level of tension. — Visceral fascia (also called subserous fascia) suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardia; in the lungs, they are known as pleurae; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritonea.[21] Visceral fascia is less extensible than superficial fascia. Due to its suspensory role for the organs, it needs to maintain its tone rather consistently. If it is too lax, it contributes to organ prolapse, yet if it is hypertonic, it restricts proper organ motility.[22] — Deep fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds individual muscles and divides groups of muscles into fascial compartments. This fascia has a high density of elastin fibre that determines its extensibility or resilience.[23] Deep fascia was originally considered to be essentially avascular but later investigations have confirmed a rich presence of thin blood vessels.[24] Deep fascia is also richly supplied with sensory receptors.[25] Histologically, fascia is composed predominantly of type I collagen fibers with variable amounts of elastin, which together determine tensile strength and extensibility. Fibroblasts are the principal resident cells, and fascial tissue contains vascular elements (particularly in deep fascia), immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, and a dense array of sensory nerve endings; these features enable fascia to participate in repair, inflammation, and nociception.[26][27] Examples of deep fascia are fascia lata, fascia cruris, brachial fascia, plantar fascia, thoracolumbar fascia and Buck’s fascia.
fat	From Middle English fat, fatt, fatte, from the adjective above, and possibly from Old English fǣt (“fat”, recorded once), from Proto-West Germanic *fait, from Proto-Germanic *faitą, *faitaz (“fat”). 1. (uncountable) A specialized animal tissue with high lipid content, used for long-term storage of energy: fat tissue. 1. Such tissue as food: the fatty portion of (or trimmings from) meat cuts. 2. (countable) A lipid that is solid at room temperature, which fat tissue contains and which is also found in the blood circulation; sometimes, a refined substance chemically resembling such naturally occurring lipids. 3. That part of an organization deemed wasteful. 4. (slang) An erection. 5. (golf) A poorly played shot where the ball is struck by the top part of the club head. (see also thin, shank, toe) 6. The best or richest productions; the best part. 7. (dated, printing) Work containing much blank, or its equivalent, and therefore profitable to the compositor. 8. (informal, derogatory) A fat person. 9. A beef cattle fattened for sale. In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.[1] The term often refers specifically to triglycerides (triple esters of glycerol), that are the main components of vegetable oils and of fatty tissue in animals;[2] or, even more narrowly, to triglycerides that are solid or semisolid at room temperature, thus excluding oils. The term may also be used more broadly as a synonym of lipid—any substance of biological relevance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, that is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.[1] In this sense, besides the triglycerides, the term would include several other types of compounds like mono- and diglycerides, phospholipids (such as lecithin), sterols (such as cholesterol), waxes (such as beeswax),[1] and free fatty acids, which are usually present in human diet in smaller amounts.[2]
fibro-	[No etymology note] 1. (physiology, pathology) fibre/fiber; fibrous
fibroblast	From fibro- +‎ -blast. 1. A cell found in connective tissue that produces fibers, such as collagen. A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape[1] that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen,[2] produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.[3] Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
flexion	Borrowed from Latin flexiō, from flectō (“I bend, curve”) +‎ -tiō, possibly via French. 1. The act of bending a joint, especially a bone joint; the counteraction of extension. 2. The state of being bent or flexed. 3. Deviation from straightness. 4. (grammar, dated) The variation of words by declension, comparison, or conjugation; inflection.
follicle	Borrowed from Latin folliculus. 1. (anatomy) A small cavity or sac, such as a hair follicle. 2. (botany) A type of primitive dry fruit produced by certain flowering plants. A hair follicle consists of : - The papilla is a large structure at the base of the hair follicle.[4] The papilla is made up mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop. Cell division in the papilla is either rare or non-existent.[contradictory] - Around the papilla is the hair matrix. - A root sheath composed of an external and internal root sheath. The external root sheath appears empty with cuboid cells when stained with H&E stain. The internal root sheath is composed of three layers, Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer, and an internal cuticle that is continuous with the outermost layer of the hair fiber. - The bulge is located in the outer root sheath at the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle. It houses several types of stem cells, which supply the entire hair follicle with new cells, and take part in healing the epidermis after a wound.[5][6] Stem cells express the marker LGR5+ in vivo.[7]”
G protein G-protein	From guanine nucleotide-binding protein. 1. (biochemistry) Any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes. G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). When they are bound to GTP, they are ‘on’, and, when they are bound to GDP, they are ‘off’. G proteins belong to the larger group of enzymes called GTPases. There are two classes of G proteins. The first function as monomeric small GTPases (small G-proteins), while the second function as heterotrimeric G protein complexes. The latter class of complexes is made up of alpha (Gα), beta (Gβ) and gamma (Gγ) subunits.[1] In addition, the beta and gamma subunits can form a stable dimeric complex referred to as the beta-gamma complex .[2]
gap junction	[No etymology note] 1. (cytology) A specialized connection between cells that allows for intercellular communication, or the transfer of low molecular-weight substances. Synonym: GJ (initialism) Gap junctions are membrane channels between adjacent cells that allow the direct exchange of cytoplasmic substances, such as small molecules, substrates, and metabolites.[1] Gap junctions were first described as close appositions alongside tight junctions, but later electron microscopy studies saw them renamed as gap junctions to distinguished them from tight junctions.[2] They bridge a 2-4 nm gap between cell membranes.[3] Gap junctions use protein complexes known as connexons, composed of connexin proteins to connect one cell to another. Gap junction proteins include the more than 26 types of connexin, as well as at least 12 non-connexin components that make up the gap junction complex or nexus,[4] including the tight junction protein ZO-1—a protein that holds membrane content together and adds structural clarity to a cell,[5] sodium channels,[6] and aquaporin.[7][8]
GDP	[No etymology note] 1. (economics) Initialism of gross domestic product. 2. (biochemistry) Initialism of guanosine diphosphate, a nucleotide. Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of a pyrophosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine.[1] GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g., the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction. GDP is converted into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate.
gladiolus	From Latin gladiolus (“little sword, sword lily”), diminutive of gladius (“sword”). 1. (anatomy) The center part of the sternum. 2. Any of several flowering plants, of the genus Gladiolus, having sword-shaped leaves and showy flowers on spikes; gladiola.
glyceride	From glycerine +‎ -ide. 1. (organic chemistry) An ester of glycerol and one or more fatty acid; they are the major constituents of lipids. Glycerides, also known as acylglycerols, are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids, and are generally very hydrophobic.[1]
glycerine	From glyco- + -ine, from French glycérine, from Ancient Greek γλυκερός (glukerós, “sweet”) (compare γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”)). 1. (British spelling) Synonym of glycerol
glycerol	From glycerine +‎ -ol. 1. (organic chemistry) 1,2,3-trihydroxy-propane or propan-1,2,3-triol; a trihydric alcohol 2. A syrupy sweet liquid obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of soap from animal or vegetable oils and fats; it is used as an antifreeze, a plasticizer, and a food sweetener and in the manufacture of dynamite, cosmetics etc. Glycerol (/ˈɡlɪsərɒl/)[6] is a sugar alcohol[7] with chemical formula C3H5(OH)3. It has three carbon atoms and as many hydroxyl groups. It is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid at Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP). Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.[8]
glyco-	From Ancient Greek γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”). 1. Sugars. 2. Monosaccharides. 3. Glucose. 4. Glycogen.”
glycocalyx pericellular matrix cell coat	From glyco- +‎ calyx. 1. (biology, anatomy) A filamentous coating of glycoprotein and polysaccharide on the surface of bacteria and some other cells. The glycocalyx is a microscopic, hair-like coating which covers the outer surface of virtually all cells, and plays a critical role in most signalling between cells and their surrounding environments. It is composed of branching biomolecules like proteins and lipids sometimes longer than the cell’s own diameter, with various sugars covalently bound to them at particular locations. The glycocalyx (pl.: glycocalyces or glycocalyxes), also known as the pericellular matrix and cell coat, is an external organelle consisting of a layer of glycosylated biomolecules called glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. These are embedded in and extend outwards from the cell membranes of virtually all cells.[1][2][3] Generally, the carbohydrate portion of the glycolipids found on the surface of plasma membranes helps these molecules contribute to cell–cell recognition, communication, and intercellular adhesion.[4] The glycocalyx is a type of identifier that the body uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms. Included in the glycocalyx are cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and guide the movement of cells during embryonic development.[5] The glycocalyx plays a major role in regulation of endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of red blood cell volume in capillaries.[6]
glycosyl	From glycose +‎ -yl. 1. (biochemistry) Any functional group derived from a sugar (especially from a monosaccharide) by removal of the hemiacetal hydroxy group.”
Golgi apparatus Golgi complex Golgi body Golgi	Named after Italian biologist and physician Camillo Golgi. 1. (cytology) A network of membranes in the cytoplasm of those animal cells that produce secretions. The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡɒldʒi/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.”
goose bumps gooseflesh goose flesh goose pimple goose skin chicken skin	From the resemblance of goose bumps to the bumps on the skin of a plucked goose. 1. (chiefly in the plural) Raised skin, usually caused by the involuntary erection of hairs on the neck or arms caused by cold, excitement, or fear.
GTP	[No etymology note] 1. (biotechnology, medical genetics, molecular biology) Initialism of gene therapy product. 2. (biochemistry) Initialism of guanosine triphosphate. 3. (motor racing) Initialism of Grand Touring Prototype. Guanosine-5’-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate. It is one of the building blocks needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanosine nucleoside, the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have phosphates on their ribose sugar. GTP has the guanine nucleobase attached to the 1’ carbon of the ribose and it has the triphosphate moiety attached to ribose’s 5’ carbon. It also has roles as a source of energy and as an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, similar to the roles of ATP, but it is more specific. It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis. GTP is essential to signal transduction, in particular with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) through the action of GTPases.
GTPase	From GTP +‎ -ase. 1. (biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any of a large family of hydrolase enzymes that bind to the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hydrolyze it to guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
guanine	From guano +‎ -ine. Guanine was named by the German chemist Julius Bodo Unger in 1846 who isolated it from guano. 1. (chemistry) A substance first obtained from guano; it is a nucleic base and pairs with cytosine in DNA and RNA (by means of three hydrogen bonds). Coordinate terms: adenine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
gum arabic	gum + Arabic; the name was used in Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages since the 9th century (صَمْغ عَرَبِيّ (ṣamḡ ʕarabiyy)), and retained in the languages of Europeans who first acquired it via Arab ports. 1. An edible substance taken from one of two species of sub-Saharan acacia trees, Senegalia senegal and Vachellia seyal, used in the food industry as a stabilizer (e.g. in soda, gumdrops and marshmallows) and other purposes including pharmaceuticals, paints and polishes.
hemiacetal	From hemi- +‎ acetal. 1. (organic chemistry) Any of a class of compounds of general formula R_1R_2C(OH)OR’ (where R’ is not H and R_1 or R_2 is often hydrogen).
hetero-	Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros, “other, another, different”). 1. Varied, heterogeneous; a set that has variety with respect to the root. 2. (organic chemistry) Heterocyclic: a cyclic compound with multiple elements in its ring. The non-carbon atoms are known as heteroatoms. 3. (chemistry) A heterogeneous mixture. 4. Across, spanning multiple distinct kinds of the root, different. 5. (LGBTQ) Straight, heterosexual. 6. Other, by another. 7. Opposite in direction or position. 8. (transplantation) Outside; Synonym of xeno-. 9. Asymmetric in shape. 10. Inconsistent, irregular, or intermittent.
heterodimeric	From hetero- +‎ dimeric. 1. (chemistry) produced from two similar but different monomers
heterotetramer	(chemistry, biochemistry) A tetramer, especially a biologically active one, derived from two or more different (but often similar) monomers
historical	Describing an object or concept which is no longer extant or current; for example, Czechoslovakia, stomacher, or phlogiston. Distinguish: a historical term is still in use but refers to a thing no longer in current use; an obsolete term is no longer in use, while the thing it once referred to may or may not exist. Whereas an archaic term names a still-extant thing or non-outdated concept, a historical term names a former thing or outdated concept.
hyaline (noun only) hyalin	From Latin hyalinus, from Koine Greek ὑάλινος (huálinos), from ὕαλος (húalos, “glass”). 1. Glassy, transparent; amorphous.
hydro-	water liquid (chemistry) hydrogen (mineralogy) a hydrous compound (zoology) Hydrozoa
hydrolase	From hydrolysis +‎ -ase. (biochemistry) An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a substrate.
hydrolysis	(chemistry) A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water.
hypernym	1. (semantics) A superordinate word or phrase; a term whose referents form a set which includes as a subset the referents of a subordinate term—as, for example, insect (being a hypernym) for ant. Synonyms: hyperonym, blanket term, genus, superordinate, umbrella term Antonyms: hyponym, species, subordinate Coordinate terms: synonym, coordinate term; more at Wiktionary:Semantic relations “Musical instrument” is a hypernym of “guitar” because a guitar is a musical instrument: a guitar belongs to a class or type of musical instruments. Hypernyms of “dog” and “cat” include “mammal”, “pet”, “carnivore”, and “quadruped”.”
ic -ick (obsolete) (suffix)	From Middle English -ik, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos. Compare Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Sanskrit -इक (-ika) and Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ). Doublet of -y; compare also -ac. Proto-Indo-European *-kos on noun stems carried the meaning ‘characteristic of, like, typical, pertaining to’, and on adjectival stems it acted emphatically. 1. Used to form adjectives from nouns with the meaning “of or pertaining to”. 2. (chemistry) Used to denote certain chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a higher oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ous. For example sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) has more oxygen atoms per molecule than sulphurous acid (H₂SO₃). The suffix -ic is often added to words of Greek or Latin origin, but may also be used with other words, and in some cases is even added (redundantly) to adjectives, as in veganic (from vegan).
ide (suffix)	Generalized in the early 19th c. from oxide (which has its ending from French acide, itself from Latin -idus in acidus), and gradually displaced earlier -uret, both introduced in the English translation of de Morveau, Lavoisier et al.’s 1787 book Méthode de nomenclature chimique. 1. Any of a group of related compounds - azide, polysaccharide, glycoside. 2. A binary compound - bromide, arsenide, palladide. 3. Any of a group of several elements - lanthanide.
in (suffix)	Clipping of -ine. 1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin). 1. A neutral chemical compound. / albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin 2. An enzyme. / renin, pancreatin 3. An antibiotic. / penicillin, streptomycin 4. A pharmaceutical product. / cobalamin, niacin, vitamin
ine (suffix)	(chiefly no longer productive) Of or pertaining to. / asinine, marine, bovine, cervine Used to form demonyms. / Levantine, Byzantine, Argentine, Florentine (chemistry) Used to form names of chemical substances, especially basic (alkaline) substances, alkaloidal substances, or halogen elements. / amine, aniline, caffeine, iodine (anthropology) used to form vernacular nouns and adjectives relating to hominoid genera / australopithecine, dryopithecine, pithecanthropine Commercial materials. / ‎glass + ‎-ine → ‎glassine While multiple pronunciations are given above for this suffix, they are not freely interchangeable; instead, each word taking the suffix often only takes one or two of the suffix’s possible pronunciations. For example, feminine is almost always pronounced with /-ɪn/, while marine is almost always pronounced with /-iːn/. However, more technical terms (such as iodine, which can take any of the suffix’s three possible pronunciations) may not have an established pronunciation, though in feminine names (Maxine) and chemical use (theobromine), the pronunciation /-iːn/ is the most frequent, while in other technical formations (bovine) /-aɪn/ is common.
integrin	[No etymology note] 1. (biochemistry) Any of many heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as receptors in communication between cells. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that help cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion.[3] Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane.[4] The presence of integrins allows rapid and flexible responses to events at the cell surface (e.g. signal platelets to initiate an interaction with coagulation factors).
intra-	Borrowed from Latin intrā (“within”). 1. Within a single entity indicated by the root word: 1. Within a group or concept. 2. Inside or with, in terms of location or position. 3. During, within a time period. 4. Behaviour of a single individual. 2. A direction that is inward or into the location indicated by the root word. 3. Indicating that the root is internal in nature. 4. In between two entities: 1. Between two or more similar entities that are within a larger entity. The root indicates the commonality between the entities. 2. Spatially located in between two points within the region indicated by the root entity. 3. Spatially located in between the root entity and a reference point. 5. The interior of the region indicated by the root. 6. A part of the root entity. 7. In alignment or synchronous with the root entity.
intraluminal	From intra- +‎ luminal or intra- +‎ lumen +‎ -al. 1. (anatomy, medicine) Within a lumen.
invaginate	From Medieval Latin invāgīnātus, past participle of Medieval Latin invāgīnāre, from in- + vāgīna (“sheath”). Adjective 1. (biology) sheathed 2. (biology) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion. Verb 1. (medicine, surgery) To fold up or enclose into a sheath-like or pouch-like structure, either naturally or as part of a surgical procedure. 2. (medicine) To turn or fold inwardly. 3. (medicine) To fold inward to create a hollow space where none had existed, as with a gastrula forming from a blastula.
inversion	From Latin inversiōnem. 1. The action of inverting. 2. The act of being in an inverted state; being upside down, inside out or in a reverse sequence. 3. (music) The reversal of an interval; the move of one pitch in an interval up or down an octave. 4. (music) The position of a chord which has a note other than the root as its bass note. 5. (music) The flipping of a melody or contrapuntal line so that high notes become low and vice versa; the reversal of a pitch contour. 6. (genetics) A segment of DNA in the context of a chromosome that is reversed in orientation relative to a reference karyotype or genome. 7. (meteorology) A situation where air temperature increases with altitude (the ground being colder than the surrounding air). 8. A section of a roller coaster where passengers are temporarily turned upside down. 9. (grammar) Deviation from standard word order, as for example by putting the predicate before the subject. It takes place in questions with auxiliary verbs; in normal, affirmative clauses beginning with a negative particle, for the purpose of emphasis; and in other rhetorical devices or unusual situations. 10. (algebra) An operation on a group, analogous to negation. 11. (psychology, obsolete) Homosexuality, particularly in early psychoanalysis. 12. (biochemistry) The catalytic action of invertase.
ipsi-	By alteration of Latin ipse (“self”). 1. self 2. same
ipsilateral	From ipsi- +‎ lateral. 1. (anatomy, medicine) On the same side of the body.
ium (suffix)	From Latin -um (neuter singular morphological suffix), based on Latin terms for metals such as ferrum (“iron”). 1. (chemistry) Used to form the names of metal elements, after the style of early-named elements, as well as the isotopes of hydrogen. 2. (chemistry) Used to form the temporary systematic element name of a metallic or nonmetallic element which is postulated to exist, or which has been newly synthesized and has not yet been assigned a permanent name. 3. (chemistry) Used to form the name of polyatomic cations. Common examples are quaternary ammonium compounds used as neuromuscular blocking agents, cholinergic agents, anticholinergic agents, antibacterials/antiseptics, or other agents. 4. (by extension, humorous) Appended to common words to create scientific-sounding or humorous-sounding fictional substance names. Reanalysis from multiple Latin or New Latin compounds suffixed with -ium, whose function, among others, is to derive parasynthetic compounds. 1. Used to form the name of an aggregation or mass of something, such as biological tissue 2. Forms the name of biological structures and parts. Reanalysis of Latin words suffixed with -tōrium, -ārium and -ium. 1. Used to indicate the setting where a given activity is carried out
karyon	From the Ancient Greek κάρυον (káruon, “nut, kernel”). 1. (cytology) The nucleus of a cell.
lateral	Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) +‎ -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix). 1. To the side; of or pertaining to the side. 1. (anatomy, zootomy) Situated on one side or other of the body or of an organ, especially in the region furthest from the median plane. 2. (pathology) Affecting the side or sides of the body, or confined to one side of the body. 3. (physics) Acting or placed at right angles to a line of motion or strain. 4. At the same level in hierarchy or rank, especially pertaining to a movement that does not involve a change in rank, status, or level. 2. (UK) Non-linear or unconventional, as in, lateral thinking. 3. (phonetics, phonology) (of a consonant, especially the English clear l) Pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage.
le (suffix)	From Middle English -elen, -len, -lien, from Old English -lian (frequentative verbal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-lōn, from Proto-Germanic *-lōną (frequentative verbal suffix). A frequentative suffix of verbs, indicating repetition or continuousness:
learned borrowing	A loanword that was borrowed directly on purpose, instead of through normal language contact, from another language, especially classical languages such as Latin, Ancient Greek or Sanskrit, and which has not undergone significant reshaping due to sound change or analogy with inherited terms. Such borrowings are thus often unadapted. Compare with semi-learned borrowings, which have been significantly reshaped (adapted), and inherited terms, which have undergone all the normal sound changes of a language. A theme of Latin’s influence on modern European languages is that in many cases the same Latin word has been borrowed into any given modern language multiple times in different eras, and the morphologic and semantic facts about each descendant word differ in predictable ways (by eras); a concise summary for the case of English (for example) is offered in some introductory textbooks, such as Burriss and Casson.[1] A typical example of this process is that the Portuguese term artículo (“articulus”) is a learned borrowing from Latin articulus (“joint, limb, division”); the term artigo (“article”) is a semi-learned borrowing from the same term, which was borrowed early enough to undergo later sound changes that lenited c into g and deleted l between vowels; and the term artelho (“toe”) is inherited from the same Latin term.
lemma	From the Ancient Greek λέμμα (lémma), from λέπω (lépō, “I peel”). 1. (botany) The outer shell of a fruit or similar body. 2. (botany) One of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses.
libfix	Coined by American linguist Arnold Zwicky from lib(erated) +‎ -fix. (linguistics) An affix that has been extracted from an existing word.
ligand	Borrowed from Latin ligandus, gerundive of ligo (“bind”). (inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry) A molecule or moiety (ion, functional group, or radical) that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex; as, especially: (coordination chemistry) Such an entity that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. (biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, medicine) Such an entity that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. (typography) A letter that orthography requires or allows to be ligated with one or more other letters to form a ligature, such as a in æ or o in œ.
lipid	Borrowed from French lipide, coined 1923 by Gabriel Bertrand from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”) + French -ide. 1. (organic chemistry) Any of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides. Lipids are characterized by being insoluble in water, and account for most of the fat present in the human body. Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.[3][4]”
lipo- lip-	From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”). 1. (biology, medicine, usually) lipids: oils, cholesterols, fat/lard, tallow, and so on. 2. fat specifically, as: 1. The form of lipid. 2. Fat tissue or fat cells, which contain such lipids.
lipoprotein	From lipo- +‎ protein. 1. Any of a large group of complexes of protein and lipid with many biochemical functions.
lumen	Borrowed from Latin lūmen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894. 1. (physics) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of luminous flux; the light that is emitted in a solid angle of one steradian from a source of one candela. Symbol: lm. 2. (anatomy) The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. 3. (botany) The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall. 4. (medicine) The bore of a tube such as a hollow needle or catheter.
lysis (suffix)	From Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”). decomposition or breakdown dissolving disintegration
lyso-	Borrowed from Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”). 1. lysis; breakdown, disintegration
lysosome	From lyso- +‎ -some. 1. (cytology) An organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules.
macro-	From French, from Latin, from Ancient Greek μακρός (makrós, “long”). 1. large 2. long 3. inclusive 4. (augmentative) intensely, extremely, or exceptional 5. great in scope or scale, to analyse at a high level, or existing in such a frame of reference 6. large in quantity
macrophage	From macro- +‎ -phage, both from Ancient Greek. 1. (immunology, cytology) A white blood cell that phagocytizes necrotic cell debris and foreign material, including viruses, bacteria, and tattoo ink. It presents foreign antigens on MHC II to lymphocytes. Part of the innate immune system.
manubrium	From Latin manubrium (“handle”). 1. (anatomy) The broad, upper part of the sternum. 2. (zoology) The tube extending from the central underside of a jellyfish and ending in a mouth. 3. (botany) A cell that projects inward from the centre of the shields in the globule of Chara. 4. (music) A knob or handle that controls the stops of an organ.”
matrix matrice (obsolete) Matrix (as a proper noun)	From Middle English matris, matrice, matrix, from Old French matrice (“pregnant animal”), or from Latin mātrīx (“dam, womb”), both ultimately from māter (“mother”). Doublet of mother from Indo-European ancestor. Slang usage coined with the 1999 sci-fi action film The Matrix. 1. The cavity or mold in which anything is formed. 2. (now rare) The womb.  3. The metaphorical place where something is made, formed, or given birth.  4. (biology) The material or tissue in which more specialized structures are embedded. 5. (biology) An extracellular matrix, the material or tissue between the cells of animals or plants. 6. (biology) Part of the mitochondrion. 7. (biology) The medium in which bacteria are cultured. 8. A table of data. 9. (mathematics) A rectangular arrangement of numbers or terms having various uses such as transforming coordinates in geometry, solving systems of linear equations in linear algebra and representing graphs in graph theory.  10. (computing) A two-dimensional array. 11. (slang, figurative, science fiction) Alternative letter-case form of Matrix; a controlled environment or situation in which people behave in ways that conform to pre-determined roles.  12. (electronics) A grid-like arrangement of electronic components, especially one intended for information coding, decoding or storage.  13. (geology) A geological matrix. 14. (archaeology, paleontology) The sediment surrounding and including the artifacts, features, and other materials at a site. 15. (analytical chemistry) The environment from which a given sample is taken. 16. (printing, historical) In hot metal typesetting, a mold for casting a letter. 17. (printing, historical) In printmaking, the plate or block used, with ink, to hold the image that makes up the print.  18. (dyeing) The five simple colours (black, white, blue, red, and yellow) from which all the others are formed. 19. (material science) A binding agent of composite materials, e.g. resin in fibreglass. 20. (linguistics) Matrix clause is a clause that has another (subordinate) clause embedded within it.
membrane	Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin membrāna (“skin or membrane that covers parts of the body”), from membrum (“a limb or member of the body”) +‎ -āna. Doublet of membrana. 1. (anatomy, zootomy) A flexible enclosing or separating tissue forming a plane or film and separating two environments. 1. A mechanical, thin, flat flexible part that can deform or vibrate when excited by an external force. 2. A flexible or semiflexible covering or waterproofing whose primary function is to exclude water. 3. (biology) A microscopic double layer of lipids and proteins forming the boundary of cells or organelles. 2. A piece of parchment forming part of a roll.
membrane trafficking	Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific release locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell. It takes place in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs). In this process, the packed cellular products are released or secreted outside the cell, across its membrane. On the other hand, the vesicular membrane is retained and recycled by the secretory cells. This phenomenon has a major role in synaptic neurotransmission, endocrine secretion, mucous secretion, granular-product secretion by neutrophils, and other phenomena. The scientists behind this discovery were awarded Nobel Prize for the year 2013.”
mer (suffix) -mere	From Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”). 1. (chemistry) Used to form words relating to chemical structure, denoting parts of a molecule, for example, monomer (one part), dimer (two parts), polymer (many parts).”
-mer -mere	From Ancient Greek μέρος (méros, “part”). 1. (chemistry) Used to form words relating to chemical structure, denoting parts of a molecule, for example, monomer (one part), dimer (two parts), polymer (many parts). 1. Forming nouns with the sense of part, segment
mesenchyme	Late 19th c.: from meso- (“cellular tissue”) +‎ -enchyme (from parenchyma). 1. (anatomy) That part of the mesoderm of an embryo that develops into connective tissue, bone, cartilage, etc
mesentery	From Late Latin mesenterium, from Ancient Greek μεσεντέρῐον (mesentérĭon), from μέσος (mésos, “middle”) + ἔντερον (énteron, “gut”). 1. (anatomy) The membrane that attaches the intestines to the wall of the abdomen, maintaining their position in the abdominal cavity, and supplying them with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.”
meso- mes- (prevocalically)	From Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”). Doublet of mid- and medio-. 1. Middle or centre in location/position. 2. Between a macro- scale and micro- scale in scope or analysis. 3. Medium in size. 4. Between. 5. Intermediate between two properties or characteristics. 6. (anatomy) Referring to the mesentery. 7. (anatomy) Mesial in location, position, or direction: towards the midline of the body. 8. Normal, average, or typical. 9. (dentistry) The forward side of a tooth. 10. The middle of a time period, or medium in duration. 11. Quasi or partial. 12. Moderate, medium in quantity. 13. (chemistry) Designating an achiral member of a group of diastereoisomers that has at least one chiral member.
mesoangioblast	From meso- +‎ angioblast. 1. (biology) A mesenchymal-like cell associated with the walls of the large vessels.
mitochondrion	From German Mitochondrium, coined by Carl Benda in 1898, from Ancient Greek μίτος (mítos, “thread”) + χονδρίον (khondríon), diminutive of χόνδρος (khóndros, “grain, morsel”). 1. (cytology) A spherical or ovoid organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and containing genetic material separate from that of the host; it is responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy in the form of ATP. A mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.[2] They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857[3] in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term mitochondrion, meaning a thread-like granule, was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the “powerhouse of the cell”, a phrase popularized by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 Scientific American article of the same name.[4]
moiety	Borrowed from Middle French moytié, from Old French meitié (“half”) (modern French moitié (“half”)), from Late Latin medietās (“centre, midpoint; half”), from Latin medius (“half; middle”) + -tās (from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts (suffix forming nouns indicating a state of being)). Medius is ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”), possibly from *me-dʰi- (“among; with”), from *me (“in the middle of; among; with”). The word is a doublet of mediety. 1. A half. 2. A share or portion, especially a smaller share. 3. (anthropology) Each descent group in a culture which is divided exactly into two descent groups. 4. (chemistry) A specific segment of a molecule.
mural	Borrowed from French mural, from Latin muralis, from murus (“wall”). 1. Of or relating to a wall; on, or in, or against a wall. 2. Resembling a wall; perpendicular or steep. Mural cells are a generalized cell population in the microcirculation that comprises vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs), and pericytes. Both types are in close contact with the endothelial cells lining the capillaries, and are important for vascular development and stability. The vasculature is a system of small, interconnected tubes that ensure there is proper blood flow to all of the organs.[1]
muscle	From Middle English muscle, muscule, muskylle, and in part from Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“a muscle”, literally “little mouse”) because of the mouselike appearance of some muscles, from mūs (“mouse”). Doublet of mussel. More at mouse. 1. (uncountable) A contractile form of tissue which animals use to effect movement. 2. (countable) An organ composed of muscle tissue. 3. (usually in the plural) A well-developed physique, in which the muscles are enlarged from exercise. 4. (uncountable, figurative) Strength, force. 5. (uncountable, figurative) Hired strongmen or bodyguards.
MVB	[No etymology note] 1. (biology) Initialism of multivesicular body.
myo-	From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”). 1. (medicine, biology) Muscle.
myofibroblast	From myo- +‎ fibroblast. 1. (cytology) A cell that is intermediate between a fibroblast and smooth muscle
nucleo-	Formed from nucleus, from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”), a diminutive of nux (“nut”). 1. Forming words pertaining to nuclei. 1. (biochemistry, cytology) Forming words pertaining to the cell nucleus or to nucleic acid. 2. (physics) Forming words pertaining to atomic nuclei.
nucleoprotein	From nucleo- +‎ protein. 1. (biochemistry) Any complex of a nucleic acid and a protein.
nucleotide	From nucleo- (“relating to the nucleus”) +‎ -ide (“chemical suffix”). 1. (biochemistry) The monomer constituting DNA or RNA biopolymer molecules. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base (or nucleobase), which can be either a double-ringed purine or a single-ringed pyrimidine; a five-carbon pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA); and a phosphate group.
obsolete, obs.	No longer in use, and (of a term) no longer likely to be understood. Obsolete is a stronger term than archaic, and a much stronger term than dated. See Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms. Distinguish: an obsolete term is no longer in use, while the thing it once referred to may or may not exist; a historical term is still in use, but refers to a thing which no longer exists.
oid (suffix)	Learned borrowing from Latin -oīdēs, from Ancient Greek -ο-ειδής (-o-eidḗs) (the ο being the last vowel of the stem to which the suffix is attached); from εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”). 1. Resembling; having the likeness of (usually including the concept of not being the same despite the likeness, but counterexamples exist). 2. (less commonly) Of, pertaining to, or related to. 3. Added to nouns to create derogatory terms, typically referring to a particular ideology or group of people. 4. (category theory) Added typically to the name of an algebraic structure, to denote the horizontal categorification of that structure.”
oligo- olig-	From Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos, “few”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ligos (“poor, miserable”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) few, several
oligomer	From oligo- +‎ -mer. (chemistry) A compound intermediate between a monomer and a polymer, normally having a specified number of units between about five and a hundred.
organelle	From organ +‎ -elle. 1. (cytology) A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).
ose (suffix)	Borrowed from Latin -ōsus. Doublet of -ous in stressed position. 1. full of
osis (suffix)	Learned borrowing from New Latin -ōsis, from Ancient Greek -ωσις (-ōsis, “state, abnormal condition, or action”), from -όω (-óō) stem verbs + -σις (-sis) 1. (pathology) functional disease or condition such as hepatosis 2. process, action such as phagocytosis 3. formation, increase such as leukocytosis Corresponding adjectives are formed using -otic.
osteo-	Combining form of Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”). 1. bone
osteofascial	From osteo- +‎ fascial. 1. (anatomy) Relating to bone and fascia.
ote (suffix)	From Ancient Greek -ωτά (-ōtá), neuter plural of -ωτός (-ōtós), verbal adjective from the stem of -όω (-óō, denominal verb suffix). Related to translingual -ota. 1. (biology) Having or equipped with a certain feature or structure.
otic (suffix)	Borrowed from French -otique, from Latin -ōticus,[1] from Ancient Greek -ωτικός (-ōtikós), from -όω (-óō)-stem verbs[2] + -τικός (-tikós). Equivalent to -όω (-óō) + -σις (-sis) + -ικός (-ikós). (pathology) Having disease or abnormal condition. Pertaining to a process or action. Used to form adjectives corresponding to nouns suffixed with -osis.
papilla (plural papillae)	Borrowed from Latin papilla (“a nipple, teat”). 1. (anatomy) A nipple-like protuberance on a part or organ of the body. 1. A vascular process of connective tissue extending into and nourishing the root of a hair, feather, or developing tooth. 2. Any of the vascular protuberances of the dermal layer of the skin extending into the epidermal layer and often containing tactile corpuscles. 3. Any of the small protuberances on the upper surface of the tongue often containing taste buds. 2. (botany) A small fleshy projection on a plant.
parenchyma	From Ancient Greek παρέγχῠμα (parénkhŭma, “anything poured in beside”), from πᾰρᾰ- (pără-, “beside”) +‎ ἔγχῠμα (énkhŭma, “instillation, content of a vessel”), given by the Greek anatomist Erasistratus to the peculiar substance of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen, as if formed separately by the veins that run into them. 1. (anatomy) The functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue. 2. (botany) The cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc. 3. (zoology) Cellular tissue lying between the body wall and the organs of invertebrate animals lacking a coelom, such as flatworms.
particle	From Middle French particule, and its source, Latin particula (“small part, particle”), diminutive of pars (“part, piece”). 1. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something. [from 14th c.]  2. (physics) Any of various physical objects making up the constituent parts of an atom; an elementary particle or subatomic particle. [from 19th c.]  3. (grammar) A part of speech that has no inherent lexical definition but must be associated with another word to impart meaning, often a grammatical category: for example, the English word to in a full infinitive phrase (to eat) or O in a vocative phrase (O Canada), or as a discourse marker (mmm).  4. (linguistics) A part of speech which cannot be inflected.  5. (Christianity) In the Roman Catholic church, a crumb of consecrated bread; also the smaller breads used in the communion of the laity. 6. A little bit.
peptide bond	[No etymology note] 1. (chemistry) An amide bond formed between the amino and carboxyl functional groups of separate amino acids. 2. (biochemistry) The primary linkage of amino acids in proteins. In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.[1]
perforating fibers	Sharpey’s fibres (bone fibres, or perforating fibres) are a matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong predominantly type I collagen fibres connecting periosteum to bone. They are part of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum, entering into the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae of bone tissue. Sharpey’s fibres also attach muscle to the periosteum of bone by merging with the fibrous periosteum and underlying bone as well. A good example is the attachment of the rotator cuff muscles to the blade of the scapula. In the teeth, Sharpey’s fibres are the terminal ends of principal fibres (of the periodontal ligament) that insert into the cementum and into the periosteum of the alveolar bone.[1] A study on rats suggests that the three-dimensional structure of Sharpey’s fibres intensifies the continuity between the periodontal ligament fibre and the alveolar bone (tooth socket), and acts as a buffer medium against stress. Sharpey’s fibres in the primary acellular cementum are mineralized fully; those in cellular cementum and bone are mineralized only partially at their periphery.[2] In the skull, the main function of Sharpey’s fibres is to bind the cranial bones in a firm but moveable manner; they are most numerous in areas where the bones are subjected to the greatest forces of separation. In the spine, similar fibres join the intervertebral disc to the adjacent vertebrae.[3] Each fibre is accompanied by an arteriole and one or more nerve fibres.[4] Scottish anatomist William Sharpey described them in 1846, although they were also referred to as the claviculi of Gagliardi after Domenico Gagliardi who described them in 1689.[5]
peri-	From Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, around”). Cognate to for via Proto-Indo-European. 1. around or surrounding 2. near 3. during”
pericyte formerly called Rouget cells	From peri- +‎ -cyte. 1. (biology, physiology) A type of mesenchymal cell which in aggregation forms a contractile wrapping around a capillary. Pericytes (formerly called Rouget cells)[1] are multi-functional mural cells that adhere to the external surface of the endothelial cells that form the endothelium of capillaries and other microvessels.[2] Pericytes are embedded in the basement membrane of blood capillaries, where they communicate with endothelial cells by means of both direct physical contact and paracrine signaling.[3]
periosteum	From Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, around”) + ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”). 1. A membrane surrounding a bone.
peroxisome	[No etymology note] 1. (cytology) An intracellular organelle found in all eukaryotes (except Archezoa) which is the source of the enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, and are responsible for the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids.
phage (suffix)	From Latin -phagus, from Ancient Greek φάγος (phágos, “glutton”), from φαγεῖν (phageîn, “to eat”), aorist active infinitive of ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured”). 1. Something that eats, or consumes.
phago-	From Byzantine Greek φᾰγ- (phăg-), perfective stem of ἔφᾰγον (éphăgon, “I ate, I devoured”), singular first-person aorist active indicative form (by suppletion) of ἐσθῐ́ω (esthĭ́ō, “to eat, devour, consume”). 1. Eating, feeding, consuming. 2. (physiology) Of or pertaining to the phagocyte.
phagocyte	From the German Phagocyt, modified on the pattern of -cyte; phago- +‎ -cyte. 1. (cytology) A cell of the immune system, such as a neutrophil, macrophage or dendritic cell, that engulfs and destroys viruses, bacteria and waste materials, or in the case of mature dendritic cells; displays antigens from invading pathogens to cells of the lymphoid lineage.
phagosome	From phago- +‎ -some. 1. A membrane-bound vacuole within a cell containing foreign material captured by phagocytosis.
phospholipid	From phospho- +‎ lipid. 1. (organic chemistry) Any lipid, such as lecithin or cephalin, consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes.
physis (plural -physes) (suffx)	From Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis, “growth, I bring forth”). 1. Growth or growing. 2. Form or structure.
pilus (plural pili)	Borrowed from Latin pilus (“hair”). Doublet of pile. 1. (biology) A hair. 2. (microbiology) A hairlike appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria. 3. (biochemistry) A bacterial protein that has several biochemical functions.
pinocytosis	From New Latin pīnocytōsis, from Ancient Greek πῑ́νω (pī́nō, “to drink”) + cyt- + -osis. 1. (biology) A form of endocytosis in which material enters a cell through its membrane and is incorporated in vesicles for digestion.”
PIP_2 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PtdIns(4,5)P_2 PI(4,5)P_2	a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)P_2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of important signaling proteins.[1] PIP_2 also forms lipid clusters[2] that sort proteins.[3][4][5]
plasm	From Late Latin plasma (“mold”) or Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something formed”), in some cases via German Plasma or French plasme, like English plasma. 1. (biology, archaic) Protoplasm. 2. A mold or matrix in which anything is cast or formed to a particular shape. 3. A membrane or cell layer, especially one in an embryo that later develops into a structure; the constituent cells of such a layer.
plasm (suffix)	From Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”); a doublet of plasma and plasm used mostly in biology. 1. (biology) The contents of a cell.
plasma	From Late Latin plasma (“mold”), from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma, “something formed”). 1. (physics) A state of matter consisting of partially ionized gas and electrons. 2. (hematology) A clear component of blood or lymph containing fibrin. 3. (mineralogy) A variety of green quartz, used in ancient times for making engraved ornaments. 4. (medicine, dated) A mixture of starch and glycerin, used as a substitute for ointments. 5. (biology, archaic) Protoplasm. 6. (computer graphics, demoscene) A visual effect in which cycles of changing colours are warped in various ways to give the illusion of liquid organic movement.
plasmalemma	From plasma +‎ lemma. 1. (biology) The cell membrane.
plexus	Borrowed from Latin plexus (“a twining, plaiting, braid”). 1. (anatomy) A network of anastomosing or interwoven nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels. 2. An interwoven combination of parts or elements in a structure or system. 1. (mathematics) The system of equations required for the complete expression of the relations which exist between a set of quantities. “
pod (suffix) -ped, -pede (from French or Latin)	From Ancient Greek ποδός (podós), genitive singular of πούς (poús, “foot, leg”). 1. Related to or resembling a foot or similar limb. 2. Having or being a certain kind of foot.
pro-	From Latin pro (“in favour of, on behalf of”). 1. agreeing with; supporting; favouring 2. substituting for From Latin pro- (“forward direction, forward movement”). 1. forward movement From Ancient Greek πρό (pró, “before”). 1. earlier; prior 2. (biology) precursor (molecule) 3. rudimentary 4. in front of
process	From Middle English proces, from Old French procés (“journey”), from Latin prōcessus (“course, progression”), nominalization of prōcēdō (“proceed, advance”). 1. A series of events leading to a result or product. 2. (manufacturing) The set of procedures used in the manufacture of a product, especially in the food and chemical industries. 3. A path or succession of states through which a system passes. 4. (biology) Successive physiological responses to keep or restore health. 5. (law) Documents issued by a court in the course of a lawsuit or action at law, such as a summons, mandate, or writ. 6. (anatomy) An outgrowth of tissue arising above a surface, such as might form part of a joint or the attachment point for a muscle. 7. (computing) An executable task or program. 8. The centre mark that players aim at in the game of squails.
productive	1. An adjective indicating that a noun refers to an object that is not of the class which that noun ordinarily refers to. For example, in the term “fake weapon”, the word “fake” denotes that the object is not a weapon, just as the word “toy” in “toy car” denotes that it is not a car. 2. An adjective indicating that a noun lacks some other noun (or a quality of that noun), usually formed in English by adding the suffix -less or -free to the noun that is absent. For example, someone is beardless if they don’t have a beard, while a coffee might be sugar-free if it contains no sugar. Commonly idiomatic, such as in brainless or heartless. See also possessional adjectives, which denote the opposite.
prokaryote	From pro- +‎ karyon +‎ -ote. 1. An organism whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. 2. In the two-empire system of biological taxonomy, an organism of the kingdom Prokaryotae (now superseded). A prokaryote (/proʊˈkærioʊt, -ət/; less commonly spelled procaryote)[1] is a microorganism whose usually single cell lacks a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.[2] The word prokaryote comes from the Ancient Greek πρό (pró), meaning “before”, and κάρυον (káruon), meaning “nut” or “kernel”.[3] In the earlier two-empire system, prokaryotes formed the empire Prokaryota. In the three-domain system, based upon molecular phylogenetics, prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea. A third domain, Eukaryota, consists of organisms with cell nuclei.
protein	From proto- +‎ -ein. Suggested by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in a letter to Gerardus Johannes Mulder, from French protéine and German Protein, both coined based on Ancient Greek πρωτεῖος (prōteîos, “primary”), from πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”).[1] 1. (biochemistry, countable) Any of numerous large, complex naturally-produced molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which the amino acid groups are held together by peptide bonds. 2. (nutrition, uncountable) One of three major classes of food or source of food energy (4 kcal/gram) abundant in animal-derived foods (meat) and some vegetables, such as legumes. 3. (nutrition, countable) A food rich in protein, often a meat or meat substitute.
proteo-	Derived from New Latin Prōteus, from Ancient Greek Πρωτεύς (Prōteús, “Proteus, a sea god who could change his shape at will”) 1. Form-changing. 2. Protein.
proteoglycan	[No etymology note] 1. (biochemistry) Any of many glycoproteins that have heteropolysaccharide side chains Proteoglycans are proteins[1] that are heavily glycosylated. The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a “core protein” with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s).[2] The point of attachment is a serine (Ser) residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (e.g. chondroitin sulfate-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-PROTEIN). The Ser residue is generally in the sequence -Ser-Gly-X-Gly- (where X can be any amino acid residue but proline), although not every protein with this sequence has an attached glycosaminoglycan. The chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions due to the occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups. Proteoglycans occur in connective tissue.”
proto- prot- (prevocalically) Proto- (proper names of protolanguages and their associated people)	Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”). 1. An early, primitive stage of development. 2. Original, older. 3. (ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first. 4. Primary. 5. (linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of. 6. (inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt. 7. (chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge. 8. (chemistry, obsolete) A proto-metal. 9. (anatomy) Anterior.
protoplasm	From German Protoplasma, coined by Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, from Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”) + πλάσμα (plásma, “something molded”). By surface analysis, proto- +‎ -plasm. Compare also protoplasma, used in Late Latin for the “first-created one” (i.e. Adam). 1. (cytology) The entire contents of a cell comprising the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid, transparent substance which is the living matter of plant and animal cells. Protoplasm (/ˈproʊtəˌplæzəm/;[1][2] pl. protoplasms)[3] is the part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides, amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc. In some definitions, it is a general term for the cytoplasm (e.g., Mohl, 1846),[4] but for others, it also includes the nucleoplasm (e.g., Strasburger, 1882). For Sharp (1921), “According to the older usage the extra-nuclear portion of the protoplast [the entire cell, excluding the cell wall] was called “protoplasm,” but the nucleus also is composed of protoplasm, or living substance in its broader sense. The current consensus is to avoid this ambiguity by employing Strasburger’s (1882) terms cytoplasm [coined by Kölliker (1863), originally as synonym for protoplasm] and nucleoplasm [term coined by van Beneden (1875), or karyoplasm, used by Flemming (1878)].”[5][6][7][8][9] The cytoplasm definition of Strasburger excluded the plastids (Chromatoplasm). Like the nucleus, whether to include the vacuole in the protoplasm concept is controversial.[10]
pseudo-	From Middle English pseudo- (but uncommon before Modern English), from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”). 1. False; not genuine; fake. 2. (proscribed) Quasi-; almost.
pseudopod (plural pseudopods or pseudopodia)	From pseudo- +‎ -pod. 1. (cytology) A temporary projection of the cytoplasm of certain cells, such as phagocytes, or of certain unicellular organisms, such as amoebas, that serves in locomotion. [from 19th c.] 2. (zoology) A projection acting as a foot in certain insect larvae. [from 19th c.] 3. (by extension) An extension or projection from something. [from 20th c.] A pseudopod or pseudopodium (pl.: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of an eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filaments and may also contain microtubules and intermediate filaments.[1][2] Pseudopods are used for motility and ingestion. They are often found in amoebas.
Rab protein	The Rab family of proteins is a member of the Ras superfamily of small G proteins.[1] Approximately 70 types of Rabs have now been identified in humans.[2] Rab proteins generally possess a GTPase fold, which consists of a six-stranded beta sheet which is flanked by five alpha helices.[3] Rab GTPases regulate many steps of membrane trafficking, including vesicle formation, vesicle movement along actin and tubulin networks, and membrane fusion. These processes make up the route through which cell surface proteins are trafficked from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and are recycled. Surface protein recycling returns proteins to the surface whose function involves carrying another protein or substance inside the cell, such as the transferrin receptor, or serves as a means of regulating the number of a certain type of protein molecules on the surface.
Ras superfamily	The Ras superfamily, derived from “Rat sarcoma virus”, is a protein superfamily of small GTPases.[1] Members of the superfamily are divided into families and subfamilies based on their structure, sequence and function. The five main families are Ras, Rho, Ran, Rab and Arf GTPases.[2] The Ras family itself is further divided into 6 subfamilies: Ras, Ral, Rap, Rheb, Rad and Rit. Miro is a recent contributor to the superfamily. Each subfamily shares the common core G domain, which provides essential GTPase and nucleotide exchange activity. The surrounding sequence helps determine the functional specificity of the small GTPase, for example the ‘Insert Loop’, common to the Rho subfamily, specifically contributes to binding to effector proteins such as WASP. In general, the Ras family is responsible for cell proliferation: Rho for cell morphology, Ran for nuclear transport, and Rab and Arf for vesicle transport.[3]
reticulum	Borrowed from Latin rēticulum (“net”). Doublet of reticle, reticule and Reticulum. 1. (biology) A network. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of cellular components that functions as a transportation system within the cell. 2. A pattern of interconnected objects. 3. (zoology) The second compartment of the stomach of a cow or other ruminant.  4. (cooking) The tripe made from the second compartment of the stomach of a cow (or other ruminant).
retina (plural retinas or retinae or (archaic) retinæ)	From Middle English rethina, borrowing from Medieval Latin rētīna (“retina”, feminine noun), ellipsis of tunica rētīna (“net-like tunic”), used to describe the blood vessel system at the back of the eye. The phrase is attested in the 12th century in Guillelmus the abbot and Gerard of Cremona—the latter may have created this phrase as a translation for Arabic طَبَقَة شَبَكِيَّة (ṭabaqa šabakiyya) “net-like layer”, which translates Ancient Greek ἀμφιβληστροειδής χῐτών (amphiblēstroeidḗs khĭtṓn, “retina”),[1] which is attested in the ancient medical writer Galen.[2] 1. (ophthalmology) The thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball that contains rods and cones sensitive to light, which trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed. — Noun retina f (genitive retinae); first declension Generally explained as a deverbal of retineō (“hold back”).[1][2] Alternatively, derived from retinācula (“reins” - far more common than the singular retināculum), reinterpreted as a feminine diminutive and back-formed into retina. Attested in the Glossarium Ansileubi, which was written between 650 and 800 CE.[3] 1. rein (strap or rope attached to a bridle or bit, used to control an animal)
retinaculum	From Latin retināculum, from retinēre (“hold back”). 1. (anatomy) (Should we delete(+) this sense?) A connecting band. [a/n: This is a note from Wiktionary. I am keeping it in.] 2. (anatomy) One of the annular ligaments which hold the tendons close to the bones at the larger joints, as at the wrist and ankle. 3. (zoology) One of the retractor muscles of the proboscis of certain worms. 4. (zoology) A loop on the underside of the forewing of some moths. 5. (botany) A small gland or process to which bodies are attached; as, the glandular retinacula to which the pollinia of orchids are attached, or the hooks which support the seeds in many acanthaceous plants.
ribo-	[No etymology note] 1. (biochemistry) ribose
ribonucleoparticle	From ribo- +‎ nucleo- +‎ particle. 1. A complex formed from a ribosome and a ribonucleoprotein.
ribonucleoprotein	From ribo- +‎ nucleoprotein. 1. (biochemistry) Any nucleoprotein that contains RNA.
ribose	From German Ribose, formed from Ribonsäure, the first element of which comes from a rearrangement of English arabinose. 1. (biochemistry) A naturally occurring pentose sugar, which is a component of the nucleosides and nucleotides that constitute the nucleic acid biopolymer, RNA. It is also found in riboflavin. — Noun arabinose (countable and uncountable, plural arabinoses) From arabin +‎ -ose. 1. (biochemistry) An aldopentose that occurs most often in polysaccharides such as hemicellulose and pectin.
ribosome	From ribo- +‎ -some. 1. (biology, cytology) A small organelle found in all cells; involved in the production of proteins by translating messenger RNA. [from 20th c.] A ribosome (/ˈraɪbəzoʊm, -soʊm/) is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus. Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. This is an energy consuming, dynamic process, requiring the synthesis of around 200 proteins in the processing of ribosomal RNAs and assembling them with ribosomal proteins to make the ribosomes subunits. — A ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) is a complex formed between RNA and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).[1] The term RNP foci can also be used to denote intracellular compartments involved in processing of RNA transcripts.
scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas or (archaic) scapulæ)	From Late Latin scapula (“shoulder”). 1. (anatomy) Either of the two large, flat, bones forming the back of the shoulder.
scindō (present infinitive scindere, perfect active scidī or scicidī, supine scissum); third conjugation	From Proto-Italic *skindō, from Proto-Indo-European *skinédti ~ *skindénti (“to split, to dissect”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σχίζω (skhízō). 1. to cut, tear 2. to rend or break asunder; carve; split, divide or separate by force 3. to tear off one’s travelling cloak; urge or press one to stay 4. to part, separate, divide 5. to destroy 6. to distract, agitate, disturb
scissiō f (genitive scissiōnis); third declension	From scindō (“I cut, cleave, divide”) (supine scissum) +‎ -tiō (“-tion”, abstract noun suffix). 1. A cleaving, dividing, scission (of a number).
scission	Via Middle English and Old French, from Late Latin scissio, scissionem, from Latin scindere. 1. The act of division, separation, cutting, cleaving or severing; cleavage.
sebaceous	Borrowed from Latin sebaceus, from Latin sebum, from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out”), which Proto-Germanic *saipǭ (“soap”) is also derived from. 1. of or relating to fat, sebum 2. oozing fat 3. (botany) tallowy, waxy
sebaceous gland	[No etymology note] 1. (anatomy) A gland of the skin which secretes an oily substance, sebum, usually into a hair follicle near the surface of the skin. A sebaceous gland or oil gland[1] is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals.[2] In humans, sebaceous glands occur in the greatest number on the face and scalp, but also on all parts of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. In the eyelids, meibomian glands, also called tarsal glands, are a type of sebaceous gland that secrete a special type of sebum into tears. Surrounding the female nipples, areolar glands are specialized sebaceous glands for lubricating the nipples. Fordyce spots are benign, visible, sebaceous glands found usually on the lips, gums and inner cheeks, and genitals.
sebum	Learned borrowing from Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease; suet”). 1. (physiology) A thick oily substance, secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin, that consists of fat, keratin and cellular debris. “
septum saeptum, sæptum (obsolete)	Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”). 1. (biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition. Synonym: dissepiment 1. (anatomy) Ellipsis of nasal septum (“the cartilaginous center wall of the nose separating the two nostrils”).  2. (anatomy) Either of the two walls that separate the atria or ventricles of the heart into left and right chambers. 3. (botany) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit. 4. (mycology) A partition that separates the cells of a (septated) fungus. 5. (zoology) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. 6. (zoology) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. 7. (zoology) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid. 8. (nuclear medicine) One of the walls dividing two holes in a parallel-hole collimator 2. (colloquial) Ellipsis of septum ring or septum piercing. In biology, a septum (Latin for something that encloses; pl. septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate.
sesamoid	From sesame +‎ -oid. 1. Resembling a sesame seed in size or shape. 2. Of or relating to a sesamoid bone.
skeleton	From New Latin sceleton, from Ancient Greek σκελετόν (skeletón), the neuter of σκελετός (skeletós, “dried up, withered, dried body, parched, mummy”), from σκέλλω (skéllō, “dry, dry up, make dry, parch”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to parch, wither”); compare Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). 1. (anatomy) The system that provides support to an organism, internal and made up of bones and cartilage in vertebrates, external in some other animals. 2. An anthropomorphic representation of a skeleton. 3. (figuratively) A very thin person. 4. (figuratively) The central core of something that gives shape to the entire structure. 5. (architecture) A frame that provides support to a building or other construction. 6. (computing, middleware) A client-helper procedure that communicates with a stub. 7. (geometry) The vertices and edges of a polyhedron, taken collectively. 8. (printing) A very thin form of light-faced type. 9. (especially attributive) A minimum or bare essentials. 10. (botany) The network of veins in a leaf. 11. (idiomatic) Clipping of skeleton in the closet (“a shameful secret”).
some (suffix)	From Middle English -som, -sum, from Old English -sum (“same as; -some”), from Proto-West Germanic *-sam, from Proto-Germanic *-samaz, from Proto-Germanic *samaz (“same”). … 1. (forms adjectives from nouns or adjectives) Characterized by some specific condition or quality, usually to a considerable degree. From Middle English -som, from a specialized use of Old English sum (“some, one”) coming after a genitive plural (e.g. hē wæs fēowertiga sum –“he was one of forty”, literally “he was forties’ some[one]”; sixa sum –“one of six, sixsome”). 1. (forms nouns from numerals) Denoting a group with a certain number of members. Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”). 1. (noun combining form) Body. From previous sense “body” (from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma, “body”)), by analogy with chromosome. 1. (noun combining form) Chromosome. From some in its “approximately” sense; more at some § Etymology. 1. Plus some indeterminate fraction not amounting to the next higher round number or significant digit; and change; -odd.
sphingolipid	sphinges + lipid 1. (biochemistry) Any lipid, such as sphingomyelin, that is derived from sphingosine or one of its derivatives Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine. They were discovered in brain extracts in the 1870s and were named after the mythological sphinx because of their enigmatic nature.[1][2] These compounds play important roles in signal transduction and cell recognition.[3] Sphingolipidoses, or disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, have particular impact on neural tissue. A sphingolipid with a terminal hydroxyl group is a ceramide. Other common groups bonded to the terminal oxygen atom include phosphocholine, yielding a sphingomyelin, and various sugar monomers or dimers, yielding cerebrosides and globosides, respectively. Cerebrosides and globosides are collectively known as glycosphingolipids.
sphingosine	[No etymology note] 1. (biochemistry) An unsaturated aliphatic amino alcohol associated with the lipids of brain tissue”
sphinx (plural sphinxes or sphinges) sphynx (dated) spynx, phynx (obsolete)	From Sphinx, from Middle English Spynx, from Latin Sphinx, from Ancient Greek Σφίγξ (Sphínx), perhaps either from σφίγγω (sphíngō, “to squeeze, to strangle”) (whence also sphincter), of Pre-Greek origin, or from Egyptian Szp p A53 anx n x (šzp-ꜥnḫ, “divine image”, literally “living image”). 1. (mythology) A creature with the head of a person and the body of an animal, commonly a lion.  2. (figurative) A person who keeps their thoughts and intentions secret; an enigmatic or impassive person.  3. (dated) A mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), formerly classified as a baboon, and called sphinx baboon. 4. A sphinx moth. 5. (euphemistic, rare) A sphincter.
sternum	Borrowed from New Latin sternum, related to Old English steorn (“forehead”), German Stirn (“forehead”). 1. (anatomy) The breastbone, consisting of the manubrium, gladiolus, and xiphoid process. [from 1660] 2. (arachnology) The sclerotized ventral plate of spiders, between the coxae, marking the floor of the cephalothorax.
steroid	From sterol +‎ -oid. 1. (biochemistry, organic chemistry) A class of organic compounds having a structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings; they are lipids, and occur naturally as sterols, bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, and some vitamins; many drugs are synthetic steroids. 2. (bodybuilding, sports) Any anabolic hormone used to promote muscle growth or athletic performance.
sterol	From 1913; back-formation from cholesterol.[1] 1. (biochemistry, organic chemistry) Any steroid that contains a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring.
stratified	[No etymology note] 1. Arranged in a sequence of layers or strata. 2. (sociology) Of a society, having a class structure.
stratified columnar epithelium	[No etymology note] 1. Any of a series of secretive layers of cells found in the uterus, parts of the anus and eye, the male urethra and vas deferens and in parts of the pharynx. — Adjective secretive (not comparable) 1. Relating to secretion
stroma	From Latin strōma (“mattress, bed covering”), from Ancient Greek στρῶμα (strôma, “bed”),[1] from στόρνυμι (stórnumi, “to stretch out”). 1. (anatomy) The tissue structure of an organ, etc., that serves to support it. Stroma (from Ancient Greek στρῶμα (strôma) ‘layer, bed, bed covering’) is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts, etc. The other part, the parenchyma, consists of the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ.[1]
subcutaneous	From Latin subcutāneus, from sub- + cutis (“skin”) + adjectival suffix -āneus. 1. Pertaining to the fatty layer under the skin. — The subcutaneous tissue (from Latin subcutaneous ‘beneath the skin’), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (from Greek ‘beneath the skin’), subcutis, or superficial fascia,[2] is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.[3] The types of cells found in the layer are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The subcutaneous tissue is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the mesoderm’s dermatome region. It consists primarily of loose connective tissue and contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis. It is a major site of fat storage in the body. In arthropods, a hypodermis can refer to an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants.
substrate	Anglicization of substratum. An underlying layer; a substratum. The substance lining the bottom edge of an enclosure. (biochemistry) A substance acted upon, as by an enzyme. (biology) A surface on which an organism grows, or to which an organism or an item is attached. (linguistics) A language that is replaced in a population by another language and that influences the language imposed on its speakers. (plating) A metal which is plated with another metal which has different physical properties. (construction) A surface to which a substance adheres.
sudoriferous	From the Latin sūdōrifer (“bearing sweat”). The term originally came from the Latin sūdor (“sweat”) from the Latin verb sūdō (“I sweat”) + -i- + -fer (“-fer, that which carries”) from the Latin verb ferō (“I bring”) + -ous (forming -ferous). 1. Bearing sweat; sweating, sweaty.
surface analysis, surface etymology	The etymology of a term by an analysis based on components occurring in the term’s language, regardless of their apparentness or productivity, i.e. that term’s synchronic makeup: for example, earth +‎ -en for earthen (actually inherited via Middle English from Old English) and bio- +‎ -logy for biology (actually borrowed from New Latin). Some surface analyses describe actual formations of words actively created by speakers, who might not know their historical origin. Sound changes do not invalidate a surface analysis if they are precedented or regular in the term’s language and the relevant components are recognizable in the term, such as circle +‎ -ar for circular and -able +‎ -ity for -ability but not chuva +‎ -ial for pluvial, since the change from /pl/ to /ʃ/ makes chuva unrecognizable.
sweat	From Middle English swete, swet, swate, swote, from Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-, *swaitą, from Proto-Indo-European *swoyd- (“to sweat”), o-grade of *sweyd- (“to sweat”). Cognate with West Frisian swit, Dutch zweet, German Schweiß, Danish sved, Swedish svett, Yiddish שוויצן (shvitsn) (English shvitz), Latin sudor, French sueur, Italian sudore, Spanish sudor, Persian خوی (xway, “sweat”), Sanskrit स्वेद (svéda), Lithuanian sviedri, Tocharian B syā-, Albanian djersë, and Welsh chwys. 1. Fluid that exits the body through pores in the skin usually due to physical stress and/or high temperature for the purpose of regulating body temperature and removing certain compounds from the circulation. 2. The state of one who is sweating; diaphoresis. 3. (figurative) Hard work; toil. 4. (figurative) Moisture issuing from any substance. 5. A short run by a racehorse as a form of exercise. 6. (historical) The sweating sickness. 7. (British, military slang, especially WWI) A soldier (especially one who is old or experienced). 8. (video games, slang) An extremely or excessively competitive player.
sweat gland	[No etymology note] 1. (anatomy) An exocrine gland found under the skin in mammals for regulating body temperature. Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, from Latin sudor ‘sweat’,[6][7] are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. There are two main types of sweat glands that differ in their structure, function, secretory product, mechanism of excretion, anatomic distribution, and distribution across species: - Eccrine sweat glands are distributed almost all over the human body, in varying densities, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. Their water-based secretion represents a primary form of cooling in humans.[8] - Apocrine sweat glands are mostly limited to the axillae (armpits) and perineal area in humans.[8] They are not significant for cooling in humans, but are the sole effective sweat glands in hoofed animals, such as the camels, donkeys, horses, and cattle.[9][10][11] Ceruminous glands (which produce ear wax), mammary glands (which produce milk), and ciliary glands in the eyelids are modified apocrine sweat glands.[2][12]
systole /ˈsɪstəli/	Borrowed from New Latin, from Ancient Greek συστολή (sustolḗ), from συστέλλω (sustéllō, “to contract”), from σύν (sún, “together”) + στέλλω (stéllō, “to send”). 1. (physiology) The rhythmic contraction of the heart, by which blood is driven through the arteries. 2. (prosody) A shortening of a naturally long vowel. 3. (mathematics) The shortest noncontractible loop on a compact metric space. 4. (biology) The contraction of the contractile vesicles in certain algae, plasmodia, and zoospores.”
systolic cystolic - Misspelling of systolic.	From systole +‎ -ic. 1. Pertaining to a systole or heart contraction 2. (computing) Relating to a systolic array 3. (mathematics) Relating to the mathematical concept of a systole”
tetra- tetr-	From Ancient Greek τετρα- (tetra-), combining form of Ancient Greek τέτταρες (téttares), from τέσσαρες (téssares, “four”). Doublet of quadri-. Four.
tetramer	From tetra- +‎ -mer. (chemistry) An oligomer having four subunits.
thel-	From Ancient Greek θηλή (thēlḗ, “nipple”). 1. Nipple.
tight junction	[No etymology note] 1. (biology) An intercellular junction between epithelial cells whose membranes join together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. Synonym: zonula occludens Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens), are multiprotein junctional complexes between epithelial cells,[1] sealing and preventing leakage of solutes and water. They also play a critical role maintaining the structure and permeability of endothelial cells.[1] Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.
trabecula (plural trabeculae or trabeculas)	From Latin trabēcula (“small beam”), diminutive of trabs (“beam, timber”). 1. A small supporting beam. 2. (anatomy) A small mineralized spicule that forms a network in spongy bone. 3. (anatomy) A fibrous strand of connective tissue that supports it in place. 4. (entomology) Either of a pair of movable appendages on the head, in front of the antennae, of some mallophagous insects. 5. (anatomy) One of the fleshy columns, or columnae carneae, in the ventricle of the heart, to which the chordae tendineae are attached. 6. (botany) A projection from the cell wall across the cell cavity of the ducts of certain plants.
transcytosis	From trans- +‎ cyto- +‎ -osis. 1. (biology) The process whereby macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell via vesicles.
transduction	1650s, Latin transductionem, form of Latin trānsdūcō (“lead across”).[1] By surface analysis, transduce +‎ -tion. 1. (biology) The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another, typically between bacterial cells, and typically via a bacteriophage or pilus. 2. The process whereby a transducer converts energy from one form to another. 3. (physiology) The conversion of a stimulus from one form to another. 4. (physics) The conversion of energy (especially light energy) into another form, especially in a biological process such as photosynthesis or in a transducer. 5. (logic) Particularly in the discipline of artificial intelligence, a form of inference, according to which the response appropriate to a particular known case, also is appropriate to another particular case diagnosed to be functionally identical. This contrasts with induction, in which general rules derived from past observations are applied to future cases as a class (compare also analogy).
triskelion	Borrowed from Ancient Greek τρισκέλιον (triskélion). A figure composed of three interlocked spirals (or three bent human legs), with threefold rotational symmetry.
vacuole	From French vacuole, from Medieval Latin vacuola, formed as a diminutive of Latin vacuus (“empty”). 1. (cytology) A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell’s cytoplasm. 2. A small empty or air-filled space or vacuity. “
vein wayn (obsolete)	From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder). 1. (anatomy) A blood vessel that transports blood from the capillaries back to the heart. 2. (in the plural) The entrails of a shrimp. 3. (botany) In leaves, a thickened portion of the leaf containing the vascular bundle. 4. (zoology) The nervure of an insect’s wing. 5. A stripe or streak of a different colour or composition in materials such as wood, cheese, marble or other rocks. 6. (geology) A sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock. 7. (figurative) A topic of discussion; a train of association, thoughts, emotions, etc. 8. (figurative) A style, tendency, or quality. 9. A fissure, cleft or cavity, as in the earth or other substance.
vesicle	From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula. By surface analysis, vesic- +‎ -le. Doublet of vesicule. 1. (cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell. 2. A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as: 1. (botany) A small sac filled with juice, one of many constituting the pulp of a fruit such as an orange, lemon, or grapefruit. 2. (biology, medicine) A small sac or cyst or vacuole, especially one containing fluid. A blister formed in or beneath the skin, containing serum. A bleb. 1. (biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is less than 5 mm in diameter. 3. (anatomy) A pocket of embryonic tissue that is the beginning of an organ. 4. (geology) A small cavity formed in volcanic rock by entrapment of a gas bubble during solidification.”
vesico- vesic-	From Latin vēsīca (“bladder, sac”) + -o-. 1. bladder, as: 1. (usually, especially) urinary bladder. 2. (loosely, catachrestically) vesiculo-: vesicle (cutaneous or mucosal); blister.
visceral	From Middle French viscéral (modern French viscéral), or from its etymon Medieval Latin viscerālis (“internal”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Viscerālis is derived from Latin viscera[1] (a plural form of vīscus (“internal organ of the body”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to rotate, turn”)) + -ālis (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). 1. (anatomy) Of or relating to, made up of, or positioned among or within, the viscera (“internal organs of the body, especially those contained within the abdominal and thoracic cavities”).  Synonym: splanchnic Antonym: parietal 1. (pathology) Of a disease: involving the viscera. 2. Of or relating to the viscera or bowels regarded as the origin of a person’s emotions; hence (figuratively), relating to or having deep internal feelings or sensibility. [16th–17th c.; revived from 20th c.]  2. (figuratively) 1. Having to do with the response of the body as opposed to the intellect, as in the distinction between feeling and thinking.  Synonyms: see Thesaurus: visceral Antonym: cerebral 2. (obsolete) (Apparently) situated in the viscera or the interior of the body.
xiphoid	From Ancient Greek ξιφοειδής (xiphoeidḗs, “sword-shaped”). 1. Shaped like a sword, ensiform. 2. (anatomy) Of or relating to the xiphoid process (also called xiphisternum). — Adjective ensiform (comparative more ensiform, superlative most ensiform) 1. shaped like a sword blade
xiphoid process	[No etymology note] 1. (anatomy, medicine) The small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum, usually ossified in the adult human. Synonyms: ensiform, ensiform process, metasternum, xiphisternum
πᾰθῐκός	From πᾰ́θος (pắthos, “passivity”) +‎ -ῐκός (-ĭkós, adjectival suffix). 1. (in a sexual intercourse) Remaining passive.
πίνω	From Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”). Cognates include Sanskrit पिबति (pibati), Latin pōtō and bibō, and Albanian pi.[1] The present tense system includes a N progressive aspect marker. 1. to drink 1. (absolute) 2. (figuratively) 2. to carouse